Essay --

The energy challenges in the last few decades and the higher environmental issues around the globe have been pushing many countries to stomach incentives for promoting renewable energy source exploitation so as to replace or minimize the use of fogy fuels which emit pollutants and large amount of atomic number 6 dioxide. Renewable energy is a source of energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, geothermal heat and biomass. These are naturally replenished when used 1. Large shares of renewable electricity generation are a promising possibility to address global warming and the rising scarcity of hydrocarbon fuels 2.Solar energy is a known proven technology, because of its availability and it does not have negative effects on the environment compared to other conventional energy such as the use of fossil fuel which gradually increases the orb average temperature and pollution. Solar energy is also one of the most available forms of energy on the earths surface. The earths surface receives a daily solar dose of 10E+8 kWh, which is equiva...

Minimum Wage Isnt A Living Wage :: Minimum Wage Essays

Reasons for Minimum Wage Workers Tough Lives In 1938, federal minimum wage legislation became effective for the first judgment of conviction when the Fair Labor Standards Act passed (Sidey 573). After sixty-seven years, today, the minimum wage, which was originally set to make sure that working people could support themselves and their family, increased cardinal times (Sidey 573). Nevertheless, the low-wage workers have never gotten rid of the ghastliness in their lives. Two primary(prenominal) reasons cause the current situation. The increasing renting prices and the increasing rate of wellness care, which exceeds low-wage workers real income by quite a lot, make their lives tough all the time. Minimum wage, the smallest amount of money per hour that an employer may legally pay a worker, became a part of state law in Massachusetts in 1912 (Sidey 573). After 14 other states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico set similar laws in America, the first federal minimum wage legi slation became valid. The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 firmly established the federal government as a governor of wages in the United States by establishing a minimum hourly wage for all employees engaged in interstate commerce or in the production of goods for interstate commerce (Huckshorn 167). Based on 2004s Current Population Survey of America, today two million workers earn at or below minimum wage out of 73.9 million American workers who are paid at hourly rates (Characteristics). In 1996, the minimum wage increase to $5.15 per hour. Some people argue that this federal legislation helped low-wage workers a lot. Nevertheless, low-wage people are still suffering from hardship because of the big gap between their incomes and expenditures. In 1998, the minimum-wage was $2,500 below the poverty line for a three-person family if a worker works 40 hours a week without vacations (Rothman). The minimum wage should be $6.24 to maintain the aforementioned(prenominal) average purc hasing power in 1998 as it averaged in the 1970s (Rothman). Up until 2005, in California, nearly 16 percent of Californian low-paid workers live below the poverty line according to a study of State Industrial Welfare Commission of California (Garcoa). These figures and examples denied the argument that this federal legislation helped low-wage workers lives. Two main reasons cause the big gap between minimum-workers real income and basic living requirements, the persistent increasing of the rental price and health premiums. The first reason for hardship concerns the high rental prices in America

Women Eutrepranuers - The Next Step :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

During the 1990s, American women have made unprecedented moves away from corporate business into the home-based work world. pursuance a way to incorporate their career and personal interests with family responsibilities, they are tearing down the stereotype of Supermom and replacing it with Mompreneur, a new image that allows for more creativity, flexibility, and personal expression. The growth of home-based women-owned businesses has been phenomenal, especially when the traditional role of women is taken into consideration. Until the 1950s (excluding a period during the early 1940s when women took up positions in the workforce vacated by men fighting in World War II) America still embraced the ideal woman as a Donna Reeves stereotype (Scott 274). A woman was meant to stay at home and take care to her domestic duties, nurture her children, and support her husband in all things -- all done with grace, style, and no murmur of discontent (Behr and Lazar 18-19) Girls born during t he 1950s grew up in a transitional world. Older women were beginning to make inroads in the work world, but there was as yet no emphasis on goal- setting, no encouragement to take up a career. Neither was there discouragement, but the lack of parental and teacher guidance created a generation of lost women, many a(prenominal) of whom now face their midlife years with little or no idea of what to do with themselves. The generation that followed these lost women was more fortunate. Opportunities in the work force were open up, and schools were beginning the slow process of restructuring and rethinking needed to encourage young women to seek career options. Many of these young women embraced this new opportunity, creating a generation of over-achievers who sought to mangle out a place for themselves as equals in the corporate world. These women spawned the term Supermom and, in doing so, created an entirely new set of issues for women to face. Foremost among these issues was bur nout. A majority of representative Supermoms were part of two-income families where both husband and wife worked long hours. In the words of one Maryland woman who found herself with all the domestic duties in access to her full-time career Something had to give. I thought, This is not right. Im cheating someone and Im probably cheating everyone, ... I needed to be home (Yoest 1).

Essay example --

The well-bred Rights is a very important time in American history. It all began when the African Americans became free from slavery. African Americans began to protest unjust laws and to promote equal rights. African Americans struggled for racial equality in the 1950s to 1960s. After the Civil War many s offhern states proceed to treat African Americans as second class citizens. The Jim Crow Laws was formed to keep Black people spaced from snow-covered people. The United States Supreme mash struck down separationism in the public give instructions in 1954. Segregation was every where, African Americans had to drink out of disjoint water fountains, use kick downstairs bathrooms, sit in the back of the bus, and many other things. This put the African American population economically and politically powerless. The movement therefore addressed mainly three areas of discrimination education, voting rights, and societal segregation. The Jim Crow Laws passed in the south that kept black people separate from white people. This law caused social segregation in schools, restaurants, restrooms, and transportation. Also African Americans were not allowed to go to beaches, swimming pools, parks, and many hospitals. This created a racial an exclusive social class system in America. By 1914 the laws created two sides one black and one white. The African Americans could not ride together in the same raceway car, and sit and the same theatre. There were laws enforced to prevent African Americans from voting. During the 1900s African Americans started to protest the Jim Crow Laws that forced segregation. The National Association for the Advancement of dreary People too known as the NAACP was formed, several African Americans attractions like... ...changes in the way African Americans were treated in America. It wasnt just that he became the leader of the civil rights movement that made him so unique it was the way he led th e movement. Martin Luther King Jr. advocated civil disobedience, the Civil Rights activists organized demonstration, marches, boycotts, strikes, and voter enrolment drives. The results of the civil rights movement made contingent for more freedom in the united states during slavery and segregation. Many people have made great sacrifices for the conjure of civil rights. The civil rights movement has also meant that African Americans and other ethnic minorities have equal rights and can now have equal opportunities as white people this is highlighted by obama being the electric chair of america when 50 years ago he would have not have go to the same school as the white people. Essay example -- The Civil Rights is a very important time in American history. It all began when the African Americans became free from slavery. African Americans began to protest unjust laws and to promote equal rights. African Americans struggled for racial equality in the 1950s to 1960s. After the Civil War many southern states continued to treat African Americans as second class citizens. The Jim Crow Laws was formed to keep Black people separated from white people. The United States Supreme Court struck down segregation in the public schools in 1954. Segregation was every where, African Americans had to drink out of separate water fountains, use separate bathrooms, sit in the back of the bus, and many other things. This put the African American population economically and politically powerless. The movement therefore addressed primarily three areas of discrimination education, voting rights, and social segregation. The Jim Crow Laws passed in the south that kept black people separate from white people. This law caused social segregation in schools, restaurants, restrooms, and transportation. Also African Americans were not allowed to go to beaches, swimming pools, parks, and many hospitals. This created a racial an exclusive s ocial class system in America. By 1914 the laws created two sides one black and one white. The African Americans could not ride together in the same rail car, and sit and the same theatre. There were laws enforced to prevent African Americans from voting. During the 1900s African Americans started to protest the Jim Crow Laws that forced segregation. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People also known as the NAACP was formed, several African Americans leaders like... ...changes in the way African Americans were treated in America. It wasnt just that he became the leader of the civil rights movement that made him so unique it was the way he led the movement. Martin Luther King Jr. advocated civil disobedience, the Civil Rights activists organized demonstration, marches, boycotts, strikes, and voter registration drives. The results of the civil rights movement made possible for more freedom in the united states during slavery and segregatio n. Many people have made great sacrifices for the fight of civil rights. The civil rights movement has also meant that African Americans and other ethnic minorities have equal rights and can now have equal opportunities as white people this is highlighted by obama being the president of america when 50 years ago he would have not have go to the same school as the white people.

Arthritis :: essays research papers

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative arthritis, a condition in which joint cartilage degenerates or breaks down. New wander, which grows at the ends of bones, now has no cartilage cap to control it. Instead, this new bone forms into strange lips and spurs that grind and rub and get in the way of movement of the joint. Osteoarthritis is common in older people after years of wear-and-tear that thin the cartilage and the bones. Osteoarthritis merchant ship also result from diseases in which there is softening of the bone, like Pagets disease in which the long bones of the body curve like a bow, or osteoporosis with its bowing of the shoulder called "dowagers hump," or other bone degeneration. Other forms of arthritis can also cause a secondary osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is not an inevitable conundrum of aging. Those who dont suffer from it whitethorn have their heredity and possibly the strength of their immune systems to thank. Medical science is not quite sure of all the factors that come into act as in deciding who gets osteoarthritis and who doesnt.Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory arthritis. It is second only to osteoarthritis in the number of its victims. It affects primarily the small joints in the hands and feet and the synovium, do crippling deformities. This is an arthritis that usually starts in middle age or earlier. Estimates of the incidence of rheumatoid arthritis run as high as one person in every hundred, and females are two to three quantify as likely to suffer from it. It seems to start more in the winter and after some besieging of sickness, but it is not considered an infective arthritis. Nobody knows what causes rheumatoid arthritis. There may be some hereditary trait, and there seems to be some connection to viral infections like German measles and serum hepatitis, the liver disease brought on by an injection of one kind or another. Because of this, scientists theorize that rheumatoid arthritis may be an autoimmune dis ease, one in which the body acts as though it were allergic to itself. The immune system gets mixed up and attacks normal joint tissue instead of the stuff it is supposed to attack.Polyarteritis Nodosa is also an inflammatory arthritis, fortunately it is a rare form of arthritis. It can lead to complications that are dangerous to life. It affects four times as many males as females, mostly young adults.

Arthritis :: essays research papers

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative arthritis, a condition in which joint cartilage degenerates or breaks down. New waver, which grows at the ends of bones, now has no cartilage cap to control it. Instead, this new bone forms into strange lips and spurs that grind and eat away and get in the way of movement of the joint. Osteoarthritis is common in older people after years of wear-and-tear that thin the cartilage and the bones. Osteoarthritis atomic number 50 also result from diseases in which there is softening of the bone, like Pagets disease in which the long bones of the body curve like a bow, or osteoporosis with its bowing of the shoulder called "dowagers hump," or other bone degeneration. Other forms of arthritis can also cause a secondary osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is not an inevitable trouble of aging. Those who dont suffer from it may have their heredity and possibly the strength of their immune systems to thank. Medical science is not quite sure of all the f actors that come into endure in deciding who gets osteoarthritis and who doesnt.Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory arthritis. It is second only to osteoarthritis in the number of its victims. It affects primarily the small joints in the hands and feet and the synovium, make crippling deformities. This is an arthritis that usually starts in middle age or earlier. Estimates of the incidence of rheumatoid arthritis run as high as one person in every hundred, and females are two to three multiplication as likely to suffer from it. It seems to start more in the winter and after some besieging of sickness, but it is not considered an infective arthritis. Nobody knows what causes rheumatoid arthritis. There may be some hereditary trait, and there seems to be some connection to viral infections like German measles and serum hepatitis, the liver disease brought on by an injection of one kind or another. Because of this, scientists theorize that rheumatoid arthritis may be an autoimmu ne disease, one in which the body acts as though it were allergic to itself. The immune system gets mixed up and attacks normal joint tissue instead of the stuff it is supposed to attack.Polyarteritis Nodosa is also an inflammatory arthritis, fortunately it is a rare form of arthritis. It can lead to complications that are dangerous to life. It affects four times as many males as females, mostly young adults.

Political and Economic Changes After the War of 1812 Essay

Andrew Jackson looked on toward a new democracy subsequently his victory at New Orleans. The changes in this time period, after the war of 1812, would send America into a troubled future. The Post war political and sparing changes would prove to be an separate stepping st peerless in Americas evolving democracy.The political changes after the War of 1812 would redefine Americas newly founded country and contribute to a greater national government. Andrew Jackson gained Americas respect after his victory at New Orleans and was later choose President in 1829. Jackson and his cabinet invested power into an powerful Executive Branch. The Jackson democrats tended to exaggerate the puissance of the lower class poor while decreasing the puzzle out of the rich and potent and aristocracy. Andrew Jackson abolished restrictions on voting and increased active intricacy in the government by the lower and middle classes. Jackson in like manner made the government more(prenominal) directly responsible to the people without the use of federally funded improvements. After the war of 1812, the federal government not only grew domestically but also internationally. The Monroe Doctrine shifted Americas foreign policy.The Monroe Doctrine stated that European nations may not interfere or influence nations or colonies in the western sandwich Hemisphere. Although at the time America lacked the military capacity to utilize this Doctrine, this policy was a major shift away from George Washingtons policy of neutrality. The U.S. continued its policy of non involvement in European wars, but Europe now was expected to stay away from the Western Hemisphere. The U.S. continued to enforce this Doctrine to this day, with perhaps the most famous example being President Kennedys Cuban Blockade. After the War of 1812, Americas nationalism and combination began to fade in the face of sectionalism. The North and the due south soon began to dispute over controversial issues. The South depe nded on an agricultural, slave based economy.The North power saw slavery as immoral. This issue split the South and North creating tension and strong sectionalism. Protective tariffs also divided the country. The North, whose industry was based on manufacturing and trade, produced products more expensive than Europes. In order to compete with Europe, the North wished to institute protective tariffs as an incentive to buy Northern products. They desired to purchase cheaper European products. Also, the South feared Europe would tax Southern agricultural products sold toEuropean factories. The South saw the tariff as a way for the North to clams while the South to bore the burden.Economic changes also occurred after the War of 1812. Eli Whitney introduced the cotton gin, which enabled mass production of cotton, and led to an increased dependence by the South on a slave based Cotton society. The Souths economic system became so dependant on slavery, that by the 1850s one out of every three persons in the South was a slave. The North also went through an economic change. When the British blockaded the US during the War of 1812, sloshed Northern men invested in new technology.The North soon entered the industrial age after the introduction of interchangeable parts by Eli Whitney. The North began manufacturing products such(prenominal) as cloth and textile. In order produce their goods workers were needed. Young girls soon filled these openings delighted to be able to support themselves and to be around other people their age. In addition, the influence of banks sparked economic growth. A second national bank was introduced at this time providing even more cash for entrepreneurs and speculators.In conclusion, the geezerhood after the War of 1812 saw a redefinition of Americas democracy. Jacksonian Democracy expanded the powers of the Executive Branch, decreased the power of aristocracy, and increased popular participation in the government. The economic changes l ed to sectional crisis between the North and South which would prove to be a role and reoccurring theme throughout the 1800s. The Industrial renewal would enable America to survive and thrive without Europe, while the Monroe Doctrine would lead us to eventually defy and overwhelm European influence in the Western Hemisphere. The years after the War of 1812 would see a stronger, and yet, paradoxically more divided nation.

International Retail Buying & Merchandising

International carriage Branding International Retail Buying & Merchandising appraise the various buy constructions that exist in order to support a sell purchasing modus operandi and the impact of these buying structures on the situations and responsibilities of the retail emptor. give illustrative examples to support your answer. Within the retail environ workforcet customer satisfaction and company profitability argon a crucial consideration in the w ar choice of the buyer ( diamond & Pintel, 2008).The range of the buyers duties testament depend on the size of the vexation and can be seen as three principal(prenominal) buying approaches profoundised, decentralised and a combination of the two. Throughout this essay the buying structures willing be explored in depth and the advantages and disadvantages of each will be underlined. The contrast between these three approaches will highlight further the roles and responsibilities of the retail buyer and how they chang e depending on the type of organisation. The buyers role within the retail sector is an extremely crucial wiz.A fashion buyer awards a range of carrefours targeted at a specific clientele within a certain toll range to hopefully gain profit for a retail company (Kang, 1999). Therefore getting the merchandise collection correct has been described as the railway locomotive of success within retailing (Aufreiter et al. , 1993). A successful buyer requires a variety of skills including communication, calculation, analysing market positions, the power of negotiation and should alike be creative (Varley, 2005).There be three roles of a buyer as stated by Hirshman and Stampfl (1980), firstly as a change agent where the buyer inspires the consumer to consider purchasing newborn and exciting goods, secondly as a gatekeeper where the buyer will coordinate the movement of the product from supplier directly to the customer. Finally the opinion draw role will encourage the customers out look however this does not necessarily result in a direct purchase from the company.The chance upon activities which a retail buyer must(prenominal) carry out are as follows analysis of market opportunity which suspensors understand consumer buying behaviour, the creation of a merchandise plan which will incorporate a range of goods and merchandise within that category. The buyer needs to then select and build a self-colored relationship with a supplier to give the business a private-enterprise(a) advantage. The development of the product will ensure an exclusive feel of the brand, precisely orient to meet the desires of the retailer and their customer. These goods will then me packaged, presented and promoted accordingly (Fernie et al. 2003). The buying role can differ between companies due to the size of the organisation, the budget allocated, classification of merchandise, the turn of events of employees and where the stores are located (Diamond & Pintel, 2008). These attr ibutes clearly define the organisational structure that a business will use to approach the buying role. The first of the three approaches, which large cosmic string stores favour, is a centralised structure. This is where a whole buying team are involved and all purchase decisions are made at period Office.Usually buyers will be in possession of separate departments and select a specific product range, for example lingerie or footwear (Goworek, 2001). As the size of a company grows, the buyers role becomes more than intense as they deal with larger sums of money, a greater number of products and competition increases. More staff is brought in to help spread the workload and this in turn separate the buying role from the marketing one. This can be perceived as a negative as buyers are required to be kept up to date with promotions and merchandising decisions (Rosenbloom, 1981).On the other hand, there any many advantages of buying taking place in Head Office all over store leve l. Stores with full pinnacle-of-cut-rate sale data capture systems can accumulate up to date information on sale trends and buying patterns for each item and store them to allow forecasts to be more precise. This helps provide buying power with the negotiation of supply prices and allows a single point of communication for supply base. Subsequently allocating more time to the buyer to analysis market trends and discovers new products for their customer.In short the cost of buying function is lower as economies of scale are achieved. Tighter quality control techniques can be applied to improve production and delivery performance whilst buying and stock control choices are levelled across all stores. This gives store managers the opportunity to focus on motivating their staff and the running of their store (McGolderick, 2002). However while centralised purchasing does have its advantages, it can occasionally not recognise the needs and variation in demand of an individual store as we ll as that of the store manager.With buyers running(a) from Head Office quarters there is very little informal communication with the various units making the organisation less adaptive to marketplace and environmental changes (Stampfl, 1978). Every store will have a different set of customers and product assortment. However as the retailer is not in control of buying the merchandise they must work with the allocated product from the central buying team (Wang, L, 2010). This in turn can demotivate managers at local anesthetic anesthetic levels as they feel their gossip or component to the buying activities is invalid.All buying teams within centralised structure main goals are to become the front runner in the marketplace. Marks and Spencer are one of the many chain stores which are constantly reviewing their buying strategy to deliver lower stock levels, shorter lead times and greater flexibility (marksandspencer. com, 2013). decentralised merchandising can be found within indep endent retailers selling products with stable demand. In such cases the store managers often take on the function of buying locally as well as many other numerous management roles.It is favoured when a number of decisions need to be made at store level based on customers needs. A well-known brand which takes this type of approach is Johnson & Johnson who offer a range of health care products. This is due to the various businesses they are involved in which have different customer desires. By having a diverse range of businesses, with more than 250 free units, the company has managed to modernise and grow regardless of its size (Singer & Abelson, 2010). Giving store level management more opportunity to have an element of control over the buying for their stores.A method of enhancing customer service and the stores efficiency against the large companies who use the centralised method is to allow the small retailers to cater fully to their local product choice (Varley, 2005). A major plus of using a decentralised structure is the ability for a store to adapt to change within the local market without having to wait for the centralised buying team to give the go ahead. This can boost self-esteem of store managers as they feel they have a large contribution with the buying decisions.The CEO of Johnson & Johnson, William Weldon stated a negative with having a decentralised approach, the head of the company will have to gain a good deal of trust with their store managers to make the correct decisions. Having decisions spread out amongst the company can also lead to inconsistency across the organisation. Weldon also pointed out that by having a decentralised approach it allows his business to advance internationally. They count on local employees in overseas markets to make critical business decisions (Kokemuller, n. ). A combinative structure is the third approach that a retailer may adopt where the ability to purchase takes place at two central and local level. Th is may involve the central buyers buying the core lines for all the stores and products to suit local needs are bought in turn by local managers. This method has been utilised by international nutriment retailers whose head office buy main brands sold in all stores. The local management are in control for obtaining goods from local suppliers in order to fulfil customer tastes.In 2001 Waitrose itself has encouraged the use of local produce by stocking over two kibibyte lines alongside other large chains such as Asda and Co-operative Group (Morrell, 2010). Another method used within this structure involves a centralised buying team who select a range of goods from which store level managers choose according to the desires of their consumers. Whilst this does not entirely give the opportunity for the store manager to select exact products for their outlet, it does allow them to have some say within the buying decisions.An example of this would be the franchise restaurant Subway, wher e their Head Office takes control of the marketing, menus and food quality but the store managers themselves take control over matters such as hiring and training of staff (DuBrin, 2009). A further illustration would be the historied clothes apparel Benetton, who create a variety of styles. Although the individual licensee cannot buy from outside suppliers, the single units have the opportunity of selecting the clothes from the company that they believe will suit best with their customer (Diamond & Pintel, 2008).A combinative method fulfils the demands and expectations of customers through the organisations ability to buy centrally, prices are more competitive and the local taste is also met (Bruce, 2004). The roles and responsibilities of a retail buyer can vary in terms of what purchasing structure is used within a business. For a small organisation the buyer can be involved with the sales and promotional sides of the business whereas in large chain stores they have various positi ons at different levels such as buying directors, managers, buyers, buying assistants and trainees (Goworek, 2001).Single units opt for a decentralised buying approach where the store level management are responsible for all buying tasks. patronage owners operate their own store as they believe they could provide a tailored product and service specific to their customer. Independent stores generally sell one arrangement of products or restricted amounts of merchandise this is purchased by the store level manager. Within single units the owner takes on many roles but with chains, that have hundreds of stores, the role of the buyer becomes more constrained and focused on purchasing (Diamond & Pintel, 2008).A crucial skill of the buying team within a centralised structure is to be efficient communicators as they are constantly speaking with suppliers and other departments. As the distance between stores increase, it becomes more challenging for a buyer to make snitch visits to each s tore. These units are controlled at Head Office with very limited contact occurring between buyer and store manager. The main focus being purchasing and communication is achieved through telephone and e-mail, information is also accumulated via electronic reports (Diamond & Pintel 2008).Within a smaller business the range of merchandise is usually wider, for example mens business-wear which would include suits, shirts and ties. With large chain store such as Bhs and Oasis, buyers are given a more concentrated product range for subject mens shirts. This in turn leads to further pressure to generate more sales for their specific department. In comparison to individual stores which acquire a more flexible buyer with a broader skill set to assist with quality control.The roles and responsibilities of a buyer within a combinative structure is a mixture between the buying department at Head Office purchasing the core lines of a range and the store managers contribution to providing the s tore with local good they believed to cater to needs of their customer. This could be difficult to manage as purchasing will take place at both levels, for this to be successful, the general manager and the buying team would need to communicate regular so that merchandise within the store was consistent.Overall a buying structure is needed in order to help support a retailing company deliver its market with a carefully selected product range, providing them with a competitive advantage and in turn hopefully generating profit. Three main approaches were evaluated and linked with different types of businesses which best suited them. Centralization is more broadly used by larger retailers such as chain stores decentralization provides a structure for independent retailers and thirdly a combination of the two which takes elements of both of these to create a core line as well as using local produce.When companies are considering both the handling of data and of merchandise then the deci sion must be made as to which is the preferred method. A centralised approach allows organisations to have a larger buying department with greater efficiency which becomes more focused on areas of purchasing. Some retailers see this as restricting as store managers have limited say within this process, therefore they opt for a more flexible method offered within the decentralised approach.After clear assessment of all three structures it was concluded that a combination of centralised and decentralised approaches would be an overall satisfactory method to put in place for most organisations as the main ranges within a retailer would be controlled by Head Office with an experienced buying department but also store level managers would contribute to the buying decisions as they had expertise with what the customer would desire. References Aufreiter, N. , N. Karch and C. Smith Shi (1993) The locomotive engine of success in retailing.McKinsey Quarterly, 3, 101-116. Bruce, M. (2004). Th e anatomy of retail buying. In Butterworth-Heinemann, E International retail marketing a case study approach . Oxford Elsevier Ltd. 64-68. Diamond & Pintel. (2008). The Buyers manipulation. In Vernon R. A Retail Buying. 8th ed. New Jersey Pearson Education Inc.. 3-32. DuBrin, A. (2009). Organizing. In Calhoun, J and Acuna, M Essentials Of Management. 8th ed. Mason South-Western Cengage Learning. 219-295. Fernie, J et al. (2003). Principles of Retailing. Oxford Butterworth-Heinemann. p145-150 Goworek, H. (2001).The Role of the Fashion Buyer. In Blackwell Science Ltd Fashion Buying. Great Britain DP Photsetting. 4-14. Hirschman, E. C. Stampfl, R. W. (1980). Roles of retailing in the diffusion of popular culture Microperspectives. diary of Retailing 56 Kang, KY. (1999). Conceptual poser Retail Buying Process. In Kang, KY Development of an Assortment Planning Model for Fashion Sensitive Products. 1-14. Kokemuller, N. (n. d). Decentralized Company Business Structure. available http //smallbusiness. chron. com/decentralized-company-business-structure-20629. tml. Marks and Spencer. (2013). Careers. Available http//corporate. marksandspencer. com/mscareers/opportunities/head_office_roles/headoffice_buying. McGolderick, P. (2002). Product Selection and Buying. In Alcock, T and Howell, C Retail Marketing. 2nd ed. Berkshire McGraw-Hill Education. 279-301. Morrell, L. (2010). The benefits of local sourcing. Available http//www. retail-week. com/in-business/supply-chain/the-benefits-of-local-sourcing/5010688. article. Rosenbloom, B (1981). Retail Marketing. New York Random House. Singer, N and Abelson, R. (2010).After Recalls of Drugs, a Congressional Spotlight on J. J. s Chief. Available http//www. nytimes. com/2010/09/29/business/29tylenol. html? pagewanted=all_r=0. Stampfl, R. W (1978). Structural constrains, consumerism and the market concept, MSU Business Topics, 2 (4), 37-66. Varley, R. (2005). The Role of Product Retail Managers. In Taylor and Francis Retail p roduct management buying and merchandising . 2nd ed. Oxon Routledge Ltd. 21-41. Wang, L. (2010). Buying committees in Chinese retail industry. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics. 22 (4), 492-511.

Laptops, Hard Drives, The Ephemera Of Data, The Risk Of Theft And Consequence Of Law: Responsibilities And Liabilities

As technology develops at the speed of light, as digital phones computers prep be more than powerful than twelve acres of 1967 IBM mainframes, as information is set have in liquid pixels and stored in virtual wareho intents the size of a pestle stamps, as hackers and those of ill-will seek protrude ever-new clever ways to break and enter virtual banks of data. the law must respond, reflect, assess and codify those principles which will litigate the business community, management and labor, employers and employees, as it enters the unk immediatelyn territory of a virtual future.In a more gentile time of scriveners, Bartleby and Scrooge, an employee as days break off would lift the top of his writers desk, store the hand written documents for that day and wait for his superior to stop by with a key to volute the desk for the night. Theft of such documents would have required the breaking and entering into a corporal place to obtain physical objects.Cause and effect would be cl ear, as would an sound judgement of responsibility and liability. However, with todays technology and the wide-open vistas of the world wide web, theft shtup occur from an transnational distance over invisible lines by processes barely comprehensible to those responsible for security. The 19th century scrivener under contract to his employer performed certain services and take inred certain duties and responsibilities.Doubtless, to a certain degree (perhaps depending upon who held the key) he was responsible for the safeguard of his newly copied documents. Likewise the modern employee owes similar duties and responsibilities however, in the cyber age of information, the protection of data and information, securing it from being lost in the ocean of the web, is a more complicated issue, a more difficult task and raises questions that have yet to be unconquerable in this protean and ever-burgeoning area of business law.First, a word concerning definition and semantics The terms re sponsibility and liability tend to get laced in the TV screenwriters daisy-chain of level-headedese in much(prenominal) the same way as Hamilton Burger couldnt help himself from objecting in every episode of Perry Mason with the contradictory charge of irrelevant, incompetent and immaterial. What one gains in the telling sound of lawyer-words is lost to meaning and precision.The distinction is important to present issues insofar as responsibility means the capacity, so far as this is a issuance of a mans mind or will, which normal people have to control their actions and conform to law. It describes the duties a person takes on which are oecumenic for any party to an agreement, a contract for consideration. Liability, on the other hand, is the quality or state of being leg whollyy obligated or accountable.It is a legal responsibility owed to another or society enforceable by civil remedy or punishment. Liability is a more serious matter in that it is ultimately an estimation b y some given authority (judge, jury, and arbitrator) that ones failure of responsibility is of such a nature as to incur the greater duty to make amends or remedy as determined by the specific facts of the matter.In short, liabilities denote some failure of responsibility however, altogether failures of responsibility do not necessarily result in the imposition of liability. At its most basic level the law is round the management of relationships, the identification, assessment and balancing of the rights, interest, duties and responsibilities of the parties to the relationship. The law assesses the relative merits of argument when these respective interests come into conflict.In the arena of cyber space, cyber theft, cyber torts, the many relationships between and among several parties raise a plethora of issues, a spate of arguments. The primary relationship exists between the employer and the employee. The relationship rests in the employment contract however, depending upon the conduct of the parties other areas of law may come into play harassment, negligence, cyber tort, trespass, theft, etc.The focus on the employment contract as setting forth certain responsibilities for either party in the age of cyber-data, the portability of laptops, and the ephemeral nature of recorded data, the questions, among others, raised are to what extent an employer can direct and restrict the conduct of an employee when those directives and restrictions bounce up against the employees competing interests in the ownership of personal property (his or her laptop) or the employees right to come and go as he/she pleases in a free society without having to exercise extraordinary care concerning the contents of his/her laptop, outside the office, beyond office hours. Just how far can the four corners of the employment contract stretch to govern employee conduct, responsibilities and the imposition of potential liabilities during the employees personal time? (The issues conce rning the use and the restrictions on use of the employees personal laptop in the workplace during work hours is the easier analysis with the weight of authority siding with the employers right to raise restrictions deemed necessary for security and employee performance. )Analogies to the this predicament which in general asks to what degree an employer, as a condition of the employment contract, can direct the employees after-hours life, can be found in similar issues raised by those employment contracts which include a 24/hour non-smoking clause (in the interest of health costs, policy premiums) or the ban on any office romance, inside or outside the office. What responsibilities does an employee incur with the pervasive use of laptop computers, which in a physical sense are portable items of personal property, but also carry a volume of information that once would have been stored in several warehouses or file rooms? Simply stated, employees are probably more of a security risk than an asset.By virtue of technologys advance, employees have been placed in a precarious position of being guardians at the gate of treasure when the gate and the treasure are often invisible and invaded by invisible means. border security doesnt work anymore. The airwaves are filled with rogue access points, and people are bringing infected laptops in and out of the enterprise. A itemise of companies are revising their policies about how employees should handle confidential data stored on computers. Many employees are facing new restrictions on who can take confidential records out of the office and are receiving special training on how to keep data secure.Workers found violating security policies are being disciplined or level(p) dismissed. The next relationship is a sub-set of the first. It looks at the situation in which an employee, having agreed to whatever conditions, duties, responsibilities, set forth in the employment contract and the statement of phoner policies, exhibits negligence, steady gross negligence in the care and handling of his laptop, resulting in its physical theft. Assume the laptops hard drive contains something equivalent to the chemical formula for Coca-Cola, and the implications of loss to the company are self-evident. In this hypothetical the employee has failed in his responsibilities to the company. And yet what are the companys remedies?As referenced above, they can discipline or dismiss the employee, and then sit back and watch as community Z manufactures a soda as good as their own. The issue as to whether they can hold the employee liable is dwarfed by the issue of remedies. One fired employee will not return the secret formula. Assume the employees conduct was criminal. He gets ten years, community service, and a lien on his property (a double-wide outside of Macon) in the amount of ten million dollars. Company Z is still fashioning a fortune manufacturing a cola as good as the original. The failure of remedy o nly serves to point the aggrieved party downstream to search out other remedies (i. e. , deep pockets), civil and criminal, for their loss.And yet, even then, assuming the best case scenario for Company Z (meaning the likely imposition of civil remedies and criminal fines/punishment) any litigator knows that at that advanced stage of litigation with large companies and big firms on the clock, the process is exceedingly slow and absent injunctions against the offending party the secrets now likely to be in the hands of Companies A, B, C and D. These hypothetical only points up the extreme seriousness of the necessity for a companys defense against good times from outside, and the disturbing acknowledgment that said defense is not wholly within the companys control. Companies have instituted policies to stress, express and maximize an employees responsibility, even imposing certain liabilities on the failure of such duties any to minimize and the limit the risk of hacking and thef t.But the 20th century world of hard copy (and what that implies) is about to pass by commerce as businesses enter a new age of information-gathering and information-conveyance. The substance of catamenia information is as rock-solid, as valuable as ever, however the thing itself what used to be the paper and the ink scribbles on the paper, i. e. , the thing that carried the information are now words on screens that can in all too easily disappear onto invisible hard drives that move by means of invisible wires cast about the world in an invisible hyaloplasm rendering the whole chain of custody as ephemeral as vapor, vulnerable to the peculiar talents of a new kind of thief, whos comfortable with the fancy of theft as an intellectual rather than a physical activity. So, whos vulnerable? Anybody who has data. Another issue that arises out of the various relationships involved is this Given the current state of affairs regarding the risk and threat of data theft, cyber theft, la ptop theft, floppy disk theft, companies, for some time, have been on constructive (if not express) notice that at that place are individuals among us, peculiar perhaps in their pursuits, talented and brilliant in ways often unknown to current Baby-Boom age management, who derive pleasure and more likely profit from infecting the web and its offshoots with viruses. The following hypothetical presents itself Hacker X in a basement in Queens has been hired by rapscallion Company Z, competitor of large and established Company A, to infect Company As computers with a virus that will disable Company A, thereby enhancing competitor Rogue Company Zs position in the shared market.Hacker X is to be a paid a good potentiometer of money and not because hes stupid. He knows from experience that a direct assault on Company A is more likely to give a trail back to himself and Rogue Company Z. Therefore Hacker X studies the interlocking systems of Company A with client companies and determines he can attack Company A through out of state Company Client. On a given Monday Company Clients workers go to work and run across that their system has crashed with a virus that will spread through a given network, affecting several companies down line, including Company A, the prime target. The issues are what duties did Company Client have to notify entities down line?As a practical matter, is there time for Company Client to notify other companies down line? What duty does any company, such as Company Client have, not only towards itself, but to companies down the line who will suffer baulk from the traveling virus? And most importantly do the companies down line have a cause of action against Company Client for breach of some duty in failing to protect itself (and therefore others) from virus infestation. The questions are not rhetorical. They are real and fact sensitive. One can envision a circumstance in which a company is so lax in its security that it all but screams for ha ckers to have their way.Such a security failure dexterity very well be deemed a breach of duty to other companies in the zone of danger (its length and breadth however defined). And yet all we are left with are the questions What laws or what standards govern? Are they state laws? And if so do they give rise to conflict of laws problems? Are they Federal laws? Who sets the standards systematise by the legislation? Does the current state of common law (tort and contract) anticipate the advantageous application of old principles in new clothes? On analysis, it appears that when all is said and done, the essential bottom line issue will devolve about the areas of remedies and insurance.Analysis of responsibilities, their breach and consequent liabilities can fill courtrooms with boxes of pleadings however, when the issues are finally resolved and liability is determined, who, in this day of multi-billion dollar cyber secrets will have the funds, the deep pockets, to make the aggrieve d party whole. The resort to insurance opens another area of analysis which for now remains without the boundaries of discussion proscribed herein however, one can only imagine the super-layer of responsibilities to be imposed on companies and their employees by insurance contract, drafted water-tight, so as to minimize risk of theft in a high risk environment.

Animal Dissection

Animal Dissection No Longer Cutting Edge American Politics 115-01 Dr. Griffith Chelsea Morrison April 24, 2012 The single-valued function of animals in science that results in harm or death has traditionally played an integral role in education. Many thousands of animals have been killed worldwide during attempts to teach practical skills or to butt scientific principles which have, in galore(postnominal) cases, been established for decades. Anatomy and experimental physiology cash in ones chipsed to be practiced around 300 B. C. Notable scientists like Aristotle, Vesalius and Gale conducted countless scientific studies with the dissection of animals almost every day.If the law permitted, human cadavers were also dissect, but the use of animals in vivisection and dissection was generally less mired in ethical or religious concerns. equal today, animals were dissected not only to gain vigor more about them, but also as surrogates for humans. Though animal and human dissections were used to educate health check learners, artists such as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, who wanted to learn to illustrate their subjects with better accuracy, also conducted dissections (Knight). They were also performed simply to illustrate the con ten dollar billts of ancient scientific texts.Later the 1500s, Andreas Vesalius, the founder of modern human anatomy, thought that dissection should be used to correctly teach students about anatomy instead of using illustrations in books, as easily as to gain new knowledge (Knight). From this, Vesalius set the foundation for dissection as a training and research tool. In the early 1900s, the dissection of animals became more common in biology classes (Knight). Frog dissection was established in college level courses and even uptually was taught in full(prenominal) schools.Around 1915, frogs became commercially available for use in education and by the 1920s, umteen high school classes considered frog dissection routine. A wider variety of animal dissection in high school became widespread after the Biological Sciences Curriculum Study (BSCS). The BSCS was a federally-funded initiative in the 1960s to create a science curriculum for elementary and high school students (Gilmore). Also as a result, more high schools offered advanced biology courses with the dissection of cats, minks, and fetal pigs, and even live animals.In 1998, it was estimated that animal dissection occurred in 75-80% of pre-college level biology classes (Gilmore). Most prevalently today, dissection of such animals is now in college anatomy courses. In fact, each year, an estimated 20 million animals around 170 or more different species are used in the U. S. in all areas of education and anatomy level (Capaldo). In most countries, veterinary students learn surgery through surgical practice on healthy animals and then killed afterwards by the students.Its these practices that are controversial in veterinary school in concern for animals being harmed. But since harm accrues from any pain or discomfort associated with such procedures, and it disrupts of the animals normal life, the dissections are harmful. With student being exposed to the vast amount of animal dissection worldwide, students are exhibiting an opinion being forced on them with no selections to twin dissection. Under the stress of forced dissection, education is also is disheartened.When forced to use animals in ways the student objects to, the student is traumatized and invariably learns less (Capaldo). But on that point are other options to animal dissection like computer simulations, high quality videos, ethically- openingd cadavers, such as from animals euthanized for medical reasons, preserved specimens, models and surgical simulators, non-invasive self-experimentation, and supervised clinical experiences(Knight). such options have been studied and proven to over and over to benefit twain schools, educators and students.In a 2007 stu dy, twenty nine papers in which live animal dissection didnt occur illustrated additional benefits of humane teaching methods in veterinary education (PETA). These benefits include time and cost savings, enhanced potential for customisation and repeatability of the scholarship exercise, increased student confidence and satisfaction, increased compliance with animal use legislation, elimination of objections to the use of purpose-killed animals, and integration of clinical perspectives and ethics early in the curriculum.This evidence demonstrates that educators can take up serve their students and animals, while minimising financial and time burdens, by introducing humane teaching methods that are not reliant on harmful animal use. Classroom dissection desensitizes students to the sanctitude of life. Research has shown that a significant number of students at every educational level are uncomfortable with the use of animals in dissection and experimentation (PETA).Studies also ca ll down that exposing young concourse to animal dissection as science can foster a callousness toward animals and nature and even dissuade some from pursuing careers in science. (Wadman) Students simply do not need to cut up animals to understand basic anatomy and physiology. In contradicting, students who plan to go into a medical field of view can do better to study humans in a controlled and supervised setting, examine human cadavers, or use any of the many non-animal learning methods available, such as those provided by computer models and sophisticated simulators.The simulation-based education would more accurately reflect what students will encounter when they get to medical school. This is in servant that more than 90% of U. S. medical schools have abandoned the use of animals in their standard curricula (Wadman). Yet, despite the benefits, from 1986 to 2007, many academics remain opposed to the use of humane teaching methods (AAVS). I think more students havent stood up f or their rights to not dissect because they do not even know where the animals are coming from and the border that occur.Pound seizure is a term that not many people are familiar with unless they are against humane animal dissection. Any animal shelter or pound that is located in a state that has a pound-seizure law, must turn over animals who are not claimed within a about vanadium days, to laboratories that ask for them. These animals are then used in animal dissection or experiments and usually the healthiest animals are used for dissection.This presents an uncomfortable situation for families when they learn this because if their cat should act upon away and is not found for a week, chances are the cat has gone through pound seizure and since its a healthy house cat, their tyke might see her cat in the next dissection lab. Education institutions know this very well and support it because pound seizure provides an inexpensive and easy source of animals and allows educators to continue using animals instead of switching to better and humane alternatives that may require a financial outlay.For example, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center had bought cats for decades from a local animal shelter. They paid fifteen dollars for each cat and used the cats in cruel and deadly medical training exercises and dissections. Cats used had tubes lodged down their throats and needles stabbed into their chests, even though sophisticated simulators were available (City of Odessa). However, after PETA sprang a campaign that uncovered the schools relationship with the shelter, the school stopped buying animals from the shelter and ended the use of animals in their courses (Hartman).More controversy is spiked from claims that the best educational learning is solely attributable to dissection on animals (Animal-Dissection) this is simply not true. An article published in the daybook of the Royal Society of Medicineevaluated the claims and concluded that it was not supported by any evidence (PETA). In fact, most animal dissections are not applicable to human health, dont add meaningfully to medical advances, and many are done out of sheer curiosity and dont even hold promise for curing illnesses.People are only under the misapprehension because the media, experimenters, universities and lobbying groups exaggerate the potential of animal dissection to lead to be the only way to learn and how they have helped in past medical advances- as in centuries ago with Galen, which is irrelevant with todays technology-. In the last presidential election, 2012 midterms and most new republican primaries, no laws or acts were implemented against animal dissection in education.The obvious reason is because the public is not concerned with the issue and is not being the right way informed. In a 2009, a survey of opinions was conducted by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) to a general public of 2,000 adults. The poll reviled that 59% of the people thought regulations on animal research are not serious at all of an issue and only 27% said its a very serious issue(PRCPP). However, past progress has been made, but its minimal.The following states have laws safeguarding students rights to choose humane alternatives over dissection without being penalized Florida, California, Pennsylvania, impertinent York, Rhode Island, Illinois, Virginia, Oregon, New Jersey and Vermont. Currently, student-choice legislation is pending in Connecticut. In Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts and New Mexico the Board of Education have policies, and Louisiana passed a state resolution in 1992. Numerous schools and school boards have also independently enacted student-choice policies because of student-run campaigns.This information relates to Bill of Rights that is frequently discussed in class and what we have learned about one of its ten parts the freedom of religion, speech, press, right of assembly, petition. PETA itself is a non-p rofit government organization that despite many people who disagree with their beliefs, still releases revolutionary and controversial articles such as this one because of its right to freedom of speech and press. Hundreds of large, infamous companies have been fined millions, given a bad reputation, and shut down like PLRS because of PETA.I am sure many large research companies that use animal testing, zoos, food industry CEOs and others would like PETA to keep their mouths shut and silence their undercover workers so they can stop sweating through late night anxiety attacks about whether PETA will catch them red handed next. But, because PETAs work is saved under the Bill of Rights, their beautiful, righteous, revolutionary, jaw-dropping and god-like work can continue to save millions of animals lives.I am for the new virtual(prenominal) dissections because of its significantly better educational attributes and it prevents innocent animals from being victims of companies trying to make a quick profit. I would improve animal dissection in education by implementing a law that requires all education institutions to provide students with an option to dissect real animals or do the virtual dissection. In addition, the optional agreement must provide each student with a list of twain the positive and negative facts about each option because not many students will know why they should choose one option over the other.This shows both a lack of awareness and education of the severity of animal experimentation. In order to allow the student to form their own opinion, they must be given the correct facts about both options. Plus, PETA provides a wonderful service that allows you to create your own leaflet (brochure) advocating an issue your concerned about so I would start a campaign urging local high school students not to dissect animals, create leaflets for the students or download ororder PETAs anti-dissection leaflets and then round to my college. This issue g reatly impacts my life now and in the future.Currently, I dissected a fetal pig last week and was told my juniors who are also majoring in biology, that I must also dissect a cat and human cadaver. I understand the person who died did not die for the purpose of being dissected and willing donated their body to science, unlike animals. If I had been informed of where the fetal pigs came from and if there was a virtual option available, I would have definitely chosen the virtual option. Therefore, I am comfortable dissecting the cadaver but not the cat or any other future animals for dissection.

MBA leadership and organisational behaviour at W L Gore

AbstractThis constitution provides an exploration of leadinghip and establishmental behavioural issues at W L battue Company, which is the UK branch of a renowned US phoner. The introduction section of the paper includes details about the caller-outs instruction execution and context industry setting. Moreover, the paper focuses on three major paradigms that atomic number 18 discussed in the literature review, such as management and leaders, motive, themes and aggroups, and group leading. Once these concepts be evinceed, the researcher moves onto a critical analysis of how these paradigms atomic number 18 applied in the disposalal context of bloodbath. The paper concludes with a summary of major conclusions drawn from the case deliberate of pierce and recommendations to improve the situation in the company.Introduction and Context SettingW L Gore has surfaced as a company which succeeded to maintain gamy performance in the service industry regarding the manufa cturing of Gore-Tex. The unique form of work organisation is designed to support employee creativity and contribution (Gore Official Website, 2014). As a result of the transformation of traditional management principles, Gores managers and leaders have developed a quite ripe platform for the company. Delivering continuous basis within the organisation has sire the primary principle of operating and communicating (Gilbreath and Karimi, 2012). Moreover, it has been exclamatory that the company has employ rules of transp arncy and fairness (Gore Official Website, 2014).It is apparent that teams are changing constantly, which means that the organisation adequately implements a vision of change. The operating teams are kept sm alone because this is considered an appropriate strategy to address the individual necessitate of each stakeholder (Gore Official Website, 2014). Team members at Gore are free to determine their objectives that are aligned with the organisations core values a nd mission. Therefore, lead and organisational behaviour is right(a)ly developed at this company. The innovative work organisation of Gore implies that leaders are constantly working to embrace a conclusion of gamyly innovative and flexible principles of operation (Luthans and Youssef, 2007). Each employee in the organisation has a clear perspective of assigned roles and responsibilities, and this contributes to better organisational performance.The concepts that are used to analyse the case study of Gore refer to management and leading, motivation, groups and teams, and group leadership. These paradigms are found useful in the discussion of leadership and organisational behaviour issues within the haveed organisation (Gilbreath and Karimi, 2012). The unravelency of this paper is to provide an analysis of how the paradigms of management and leadership, motivation and group leadership laughingstock be applied in the context of Gore (Lian and Tui, 2012). A section of literat ure review is included in order to expand individual perspectives into essential leadership and organisational behavioural issues identified in the company. In addition, the paper critically discusses the application of these three main theories to the case of the company.In an attempt to set the context of the case study, it is primal to clarify that Gore is the UK branch of a US multi-national company that specialises in the manufacturing of the Gore-Tex textile. This is the product for which the company is widely known around the world (Rehman and Afsar, 2012). Moreover, Gore indicates a commitment to developing various products for next-generation electronics, for medical implants and for innovative fabrics (Gilbreath and Karimi, 2012). The unique line strategy select by the company illustrates its dedication to asylum which is obvious in all organisational processes.Literature Review vigilance and LeadershipIn the leadership increment world, substantial confusion exists re garding the relationship between management and leadership. Many individuals black market to use these concepts in an interchangeable manner, fleck others consider them as separate categories in the business field (Lian and Tui, 2012). Researchers have emphasised the necessity that management and leadership should be balanced in contemporary organisations (Sharma and Jain, 2013). Although the two concepts do not suggest the same thing, they are closely linked. While managers are more likely to focus on systems and structures as well as administer proper(postnominal) rules and procedures, leaders are focused on innovation and change within the organisational context. Leaders likewise consider the importance of people and the development of their skills in a proper education (Northouse, 2007). In the modern business environment, employees do not simply expect that their managers should assign them specific tasks but they also seek a purpose pertaining to those tasks. Managers tr y to organise employees in order to expand organisational efficiency along with the idea to develop talent and inspire achievement (Sharma and Jain, 2013).The emergence of the knowledge actor is a signifi drive outt tendency in most organisations. Such change requires that employees should not be managed. It becomes apparent that the main objective of combining management and leadership in companies is to lead individuals, with the utmost goal to expand the strengths and knowledge of each employee (Rowe, 2007). Management and leadership are fundamental for the delivery of high quality products and services. A common rule has been identified in harm of expecting that untroubled managers should possess adequate leadership skills, while good leaders are recognised as those professionals who need an array of management skills to increase their effectiveness (Gilbreath and Karimi, 2012).Leadership is mostly based on the concept of creating a strong adept of mission and vision, while management refers to the idea of getting things done. One of the conditions for good management blueprints is that both(prenominal) managers and team members should be selected on the basis of merit (Sharma and Jain, 2013). The balanced involvement of individuals is an grave element of management and leadership concepts that are applied in modern organisations. It has been argued that management is mostly about making decisions (Rowe, 2007). Planning is an essential tool for both management and leadership, as professionals in these fields are expected to anticipate unplanned events in a relevant manner by considering the take and interests of all stakeholders in business (Moynihan and Pandey, 2007).MotivationDemonstrating adequate knowledge of how to motivate employees in the global business world is a fundamental managerial and leadership skill. Motivation is referred to as a set of factors that cause individuals to select specific behavioural patterns from other alternatives (Burton, 2012). In organisations, employee performance is affected by motivation and the precise work environment. It whoremaster be suggested that motivation is a significant determinant of performance. There are different historical views of motivation as presented in the management literature (Moynihan and Pandey, 2007). The infix of scientific management is that work normally emerges with inherently unpleasant characteristics for the majority of employees. As a result, their income is more important than the specificity and nature of their job. Furthermore, the human relations figurehead stressed the impact of social processes that occur in organisations (Gilbreath and Karimi, 2012). For instance, this management philosophy illustrates the principle that the individual need for contribution, importance and usefulness is more relevant than income in motivating employees (Mizuno et al., 2006).In line with the ideology of the human resource overture, individuals are determined to contribute to team effectiveness. Yet, organisations are required to establish a firm work environment that aright utilises all available human resources (Mizuno et al., 2006). The human resource approach is the most relevant approaches used by contemporary organisations regarding motivation. However, at that place are intrustworthy integrative approaches that provide a better conceptualised view of employee motivation, such as need-based, process-based and sustenance-based models (Burton, 2012).Need-based approaches to motivation mostly focus on the aspects that motivate employees to select specific behaviours among others. Initially, a certain need or deprivation is identified in the organisational context, followed by drives to fulfil that particular need, actions and satisfaction (Morris, 2009). Maslows hierarchy of needs is the most widely used need-based approach, according to which peoples motivation is driven by their willingness to satisfy five distinct levels of n eeds. These are physiological needs, finger of security, belongingness, esteem, and self-actualisation as the highest need in the hierarchy to be satisfied (Mizuno et al., 2006). Individuals commonly progress in terms of determining specific objectives and thus needs to extend to in the process of such hierarchical organisation.Process-based approaches to motivation focus on how exactly motivation occurs in organisations. It is important to determine the way in which employees measure their own satisfaction once they have achieved their goals (Moynihan and Pandey, 2007). A common process-based approach to motivation is expectancy theory which was introduced by Victor Vroom. Expectancy theory indicates that motivation along with effort leads to performance which is directly linked to outcomes (University of Cambridge, n. d.). As a result, high performance may lead to high satisfaction of employees. other process-based approach to motivation is identified as equity theory which w as developed by J. Stacy Adams (Gilbreath and Karimi, 2012). The main assumption of equity theory is that upon the selection of particular actions to satisfy employee needs, individuals tend to evaluate the equity of the expected outcome. The equity element is important to maintain principles of account capability and transparency in the workplace. Equity emerges as the firm belief that employees are treated in a fair and transparent manner which is relative to the treatment of other individuals in the workplace (Burton, 2012).Reinforcement-based approaches to motivation emphasise the impact of rewards on causing certain changes in individuals behaviour. For instance, such approaches are based around understanding that behaviour which arises from rewarding factors or consequences is more likely to be ingeminate in the future (Mizuno et al., 2006). Reinforcement contingencies reflect the emergence of possible outcomes that individuals may experience due to their specific choice of b ehaviour. Employees tend to select behaviour that can bring them immediate satisfaction and motivation to work in order to meet their personal and professional goals. Moreover, there are different approaches that have been implemented to provide reinforcement which is closely associated with motivation (Morris, 2009). A fixed-interval schedule has been found useful to reinforce employees at fixed intervals of time, irrespective of behaviour. A variable-interval schedule provides reinforcement at various times (Gilbreath and Karimi, 2012). Regardless of the specific way of providing reinforcement, it may be indicated that this technique is considered a valuable method to increase employee motivation.Groups and Teams, Group LeadershipResearch shows that effective leaders are expected to manage their responsibilities of organism leaders and members of a team (Wu et al., 2010). It is important to ensure throughout the process that goals are realistic and measurable. It has been indicate d that when groups and teams properly integrate their actions, the final result is improved performance. They have distinct roles in organisations, as the fulfilment of each role corresponds to corporate goals and success (Val and Kemp, 2012). Team processes emerge as an adequate aspect of team performance. The formation of teams is necessary to facilitate the work of the entire organisation. Groups and teams are expected to perform in dynamic business environments. Therefore, group leadership appears an essential characteristic of effective team performance. Group leadership emphasises the necessity for leaders to define a proper team direction (Wu et al., 2010). The organisation of groups and teams should be done with the objective to optimise progress at all organisational levels. Researchers have stressed the substantial amount of interdependence which exists among team members. immutable collaboration is required in the process of achieving specific team goals (Li et al., 201 2). For instance, groups and teams devote their efforts and time to exchange important information and resources in companies.The adaptation of team interaction is usually flexible considering the specific conditions that are present in organisations. Highly efficient groups and teams are identified as individuals whose aim is to demonstrate dynamic collective performance (Boos et al., 2014). Promoting individual and collective flexibility is a main driver of team effectiveness. As a result, group leadership is noted for its impact on team effectiveness. This type of leadership provides a realistic framework to team members of how they can complete their collective tasks in an efficient manner (Wu et al., 2010). Leaders usually emphasise the necessity of collaboration and active communication among team members. Leader planning and coordination activities represent part of the overall concept of group leadership.Group leadership suggests a solid element of facilitating the actions of groups and teams. The group efforts mostly matter in this process in terms of divided up responsibility and accountability. The laissez-faire style is a relevant approach to group leadership, as emphasised by some researchers. It is commonly described as a hands-off method, in which the group is provided with the resources which are necessary for the completion of a particular project (Li et al., 2012). However, group members are free to complete the outlined tasks with virtually no direct involvement by the group leader. In this case, the group leader serves a major facilitating function in the sense of being available to answer appropriate questions and motivate team members (Gilbreath and Karimi, 2012).Another approach to group leadership is identified as the abdacratic style, in which the group leader has no authority over team members. Even though this model of group leadership enhances individual and group creativity in organisations, it has been considered insufficient to perform major corporate tasks (Morris, 2009). The autocratic approach to group leadership places importance on a central process for making decisions in companies. The main leadership responsibility in this approach is usually given to a group of managers (Wu et al., 2010). They are held accountable for the decisions they make. Employees are free to discuss any suggestions or recommendations for improvement with their managers as part of this flexible approach to group leadership. Another style associated with team performance and group leadership is the democratic approach to leadership (Mizuno et al., 2006). This approach refers to extensive freedom and flexibility granted to employees who feel sceptered to initiate certain activities in the workplace. The most proper utilisation of this method is in situations where different individuals indicate a high level of group shared responsibility for the actions of team members. The key decision-maker within the group tends to act as a facilitator of team goals and effectiveness.Critical Evaluation of Leadership and Organisational Behavioural Issues at GoreThe fact that Gore is extensively focused on innovation at all organisational levels is indicative of the presence of strong leadership skills in the company, which along with good management practices have contributed to its success over the years (Gore Official Website, 2014). Considering that leaders replace managers to deliver high levels of innovation shows a strong commitment to an innovative corporate market-gardening which aims at expanding the potential of employees and increasing the organisations capacities to differentiate the products and services it provides. This is important in achieving a substantial competitive vantage (Mizuno et al., 2006). The model of blending management and leadership can help individuals clarify specific categories or practices that help businesses prosper with time. At Gore, all employees communicate in a free and stret ch out manner which is an essential requirement to maintain a flexible, innovative corporate climate. In turn, employees are empowered to expand their knowledge and responsibility (Boos et al., 2014). They clearly know that their opinion and practical contribution to the company is highly valued, and as a result, they devote their time and resources to demonstrate their capabilities in practice.Gores managers and leaders work together to improve organisational efficiency and productivity which would not have been possible without adopting an integrated and holistic approach to management and leadership (Gore Official Website, 2014). The company provides adequate examples of the role played by the knowledge worker in the organisations procedures, plans and activities. Such type of employees is known for being able to boost productivity in organisations. Engaging the right people at Gore is crucial for its optimal performance throughout the years (Cicero et al., 2010). The ability to make commitments and keep them is a strong differentiating factor that has helped the company maintains a solid market presence.In addition, it has been indicated that the levels of employee motivation at Gore are high considering their constant engagement in different organisational activities, with the purpose to contribute to organisational excellence and success (Li et al., 2012). The specificity of work at Gore as well as the present relationships between the company and employees shows that employee motivation cannot be identified with the principles of scientific management (Cicero et al., 2010). The impact of human relations movement is quite strong at this organisation because all employees are motivated not by monetary rewards but by the necessity to be recognised for their contribution.Based on the performance of employees at Gore, it can be concluded that process-based approaches to motivation are mostly applicable. Motivation at this company is perceived as process orie nted in the sense that employees are extensively focused on how they can participate in various processes to expand their knowledge and competencies (Gore Official Website, 2014). Gores employees act upon certain expectations in terms of motivation. This means that they clearly know that their actions will produce important results for the company, and thus their motivation is outcome based (Gilbreath and Karimi, 2012). In addition, the companys employees try their best to ensure that they remain flexible and open to new suggestions for improvement within the organisation.It can be suggested that Gore has succeeded in building trust through the consistent engagement of teams. Therefore, the model of teams and group leadership corresponds to the specific business environment in this organisation (Li et al., 20120. The core activities of the team are important for achieving initially set goals for organisational performance. Gore has adopted a promising philosophical paradigm because it has persistently relied on prospects of developing the people (Wu et al., 2010). The lack of strict rules in the company implies that managers and leaders are oriented to ensuring a flexible culture in which employees have an opportunity to develop and share their voice in the companys policies and procedures (Gore Official Website, 2014). It has been recognised that the company can function better without written rules. It can be more effective when all team members are enabled to participate actively in changing certain practices within the organisation.Gores philosophy of sharing values has been properly developed to reflect the companys focus on introducing successful initiatives. Trust is one of these shared values making employees function as one whole (Morris, 2009). Innovation has become the norm, and the exploitation of new information technology has led to a better understanding of the dynamic relationship among all stakeholders. Teams set specific targets themselves, a nd this serves as a basis for their motivation to perform better in the long term (Mizuno et al., 2006). The sense of engagement of all team members in the projects introduced by leaders is intelligible throughout the organisation which has maintained a competitive position in the industry.Gore has been devoted to maintaining such culture of shared values. An important norm adopted by the organisation refers to the structure of a culture that energises associates. The expected outcome is the formation of effective teams, implying that the concept of group leadership is mostly relevant to the specific circumstances in which the organisation functions (Cicero et al., 2010). Sustained business success has become achievable because the company has placed importance on developing and enhancing its culture in a flexible way. The implementation of high performance practices shows that the company is results oriented in the sense that leaders introduce a framework of change and innovation with the presumption to achieve adequate results (Gilbreath and Karimi, 2012). As mentioned, traditional management practices are not valued at Gore because of its innovative direction presented by leaders. The quest of group objectives indicates high levels of motivation in the company which employees accept as an opportunity to prove they are capable to fulfil their responsibilities.The replacement of management directives and rules with forms of constant, open communication has become one of the determining factors for Gores success. Research indicates that organisational communication is interrelated to better organisational efficiency and productivity (Morris, 2009). Regular communication also facilitates associates to share their ideas and insights into the performance of the organisation. The result is the formation of a flexible corporate culture that motivates employees to grow and develop in their area of expertise (Gore Official Website, 2014). When providing employees w ith freedom, they tend to demonstrate an intrinsic belief that they should deserve the trust of their managers and leaders. The company is constantly seeking new improvements in order to defend its prestigious image as an innovator in the field. The valuable contribution that employees make to the company is an indicator of the successful strategies implemented by leaders (Mizuno et al., 2006). Continuous innovation and success are the two main drivers of the organisations performance.Conclusion and RecommendationsThis paper focused on the exploration of major leadership and organisational behavioural issues in the context of Gore Company. The main conclusion drawn from the case study of this organisation is that it has a unique form of organisation when it comes to work responsibilities and employee relations (Gore Official Website, 2014). Gore has emphasised that constant communication and employee participation in work processes are fundamental for the success of the company. The paper also illustrated that leaders have been continuously introducing a culture of innovation which contributed to the substantial success of the organisation (Li et al., 2012). Therefore, another important conclusion that was derived from the critical evaluation of Gores case study is that the model of group leadership has proven efficient and reliable to improve employee productivity and motivation.However, it is important to provide specific recommendations to improve the situation in the company in terms of enhancing the group leadership model. The company should analyse its strengths and weaknesses in order to explore all relevant parameters of leadership (Wu et al., 2010). Being natural and humane in practice is an important condition to improve the performance of all stakeholders within the organisation. Humanity serves as an inspiring element as well as allows individuals to base their decisions on organisational reality (Cicero et al., 2010). Understanding of corporate un written rules is also fundamental for the future growth of the organisation. Team discussion should be encouraged along with training opportunities that can expand individual performance. Consistency and integrity of leaders actions are expected in the process of improving the companys rules and principles which are applied in practice (Li et al., 2012). Individuals should have a clear idea of any shortcomings pertaining to leadership and organisational behavioural issues in the company so that they can act accordingly to build better performance indicators.ReferencesBoos, M., Pritz, J., Lange, S. and Belz, M. (2014). Leadership in Moving Human Groups. PLoS Computational Biology, vol. 10(4), pp1-9.Burton, K. (2012). A Study of Motivation How to Get Your Employees Moving. Thesis. Indiana University. visible(prenominal) at http//www.indiana.edu/spea/pubs/undergrad-honors/volumn-6/Burton,%20Kelli%20-%20A%20Study%20of%20Motivation%20-%20How%20to%20Get%20Your%20Employees%20Moving%20-%2 0Faculty%20Cheryl%20Hughes.pdf Accessed 7 August 2014.Cicero, L., Pierro, A. and van Knippenberg, D. (2010). Leadership and Uncertainty How Role Ambiguity Affects the Relationship between Leader Group Prototypicality and Leadership Effectiveness. British daybook of Management, vol. 21(2), pp411-421.Gilbreath, B. and Karimi, L. (2012). Supervisor Behaviour and Employee Presenteeism. International Journal of Leadership Studies, vol. 7(1), pp114-131.Gore Official Website (2014). About Gore online. Available at http//www.gore.com/en_gb/ Accessed 6 August 2014.Lian, L. K. and Tui, L. G. (2012). Leadership Styles and organizational Citizenship Behaviour The Mediating Effect of Subordinates Competence and Downward Influence Tactics. Journal of Applied Business and Economics, vol. 13(2), pp59-96.Li, Y., Chun, H., Ashkanasy, N. and Ahlstrom, D. (2012). A Multi-Level Study of Emergent Group Leadership effectuate of Emotional Stability and Group Conflict. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, vol. 29(2), pp351-366.Luthans, F. and Youssef, C. M. (2007). Emerging Positive Organizational Behaviour. Journal of Management, vol. 33(3), pp321-349.Mizuno, M., Yamada, Y., Ishii, A. and Tanaka, S. (2006). A Human Resource Management Approach to Motivation and Job Stress in Paramedics. International Congress Series, vol. 1294, pp167-170.Morris, R. J. (2009). Employee Work Motivation and Discretionary Work Effort. Thesis. Brisbane Graduate School of Business. Available at http//eprints.qut.edu.au/31725/1/Robyn_Morris_Thesis.pdf Accessed 7 August 2014.Moynihan, D. P. and Pandey, S. K. (2007). The Role of Organizations in Fostering Public Service Motivation. Public Administration Review, vol. 67(1), pp40-53.Northouse, G. (2007). Leadership Theory and Practice. capital of the United Kingdom Sage Publications.Rehman, M. and Afsar, B. (2012). The Impact of Paternalistic Leadership on Organization Commitment and Organization Citizenship Behaviour. Journal of Business Management and Appli ed Economics (5), pp1-12.Rowe, W. G. (2007). Cases in Leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA Sage Publications.Sharma, M. K. and Jain, S. (2013). Leadership Management Principles, Models and Theories. Global Journal of Management and Business Studies, vol. 3(3), pp309-318.University of Cambridge (N. d.). Vrooms Expectancy Theory online. Available at http//www.ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk/research/dstools/vrooms-expectancy-theory/ Accessed 6 August 2014.Val, C. and Kemp, J. (2012). Leadership Styles. The Ontario Journal of Outdoor Education, vol. 24(3), pp28-31.Wu, J. B., Tsui, A. S. and Kinicki, A. J. (2010). Consequences of Differentiated Leadership in Groups. Academy of Management Journal, vol. 53(1), pp90-106.

Parker and Nichols in Las Vegas

Parker woke to the sharp sound of his phone ringing. Hey be you up because you have to drop your sister to the airport his dads persona sounded harsh through the receiver.Parker glanced at his alarm.Oh my God he yelled, it is 11.15, everyone cast down up nowHe quickly jumped out of bed, ran into the shower and half an hour later, everyone toppled into the car. Mums right, groaned Natalia you argon a waste of time, both of youShut up commented an annoyed Parker, We will be there on time. Its not that far.Natalia hurried through customs and her brothers waved her off. They watched her insipid take off and gasped in horror. On the side of the flat solid was written, Las VegasNichols shook Parkers shoulder. Oh my God he yelled, we have sent her on the unconventional planeWhat shall we do? cried Parker shaking in disbelief.Ok, calm down and breathe, soothed Nichols, I am sure that the air hostess will have checked her ticket and sent her postThey waited for a further ten minutes an d past with no more patience, marched up to the departure desk. Excuse me, Maam, asked Nichols politely, we have sent our sister on the wrong plane. Has she got off yet?After three hours Parker and Nichols were climbing the walls in desperation. As they worriedly checked their watch, the air hostess came hurrying over and said, Your seats are ready. You have been booked and the plane is leaving in ten minutes.The boys sighed in relief they would have to follow their sister hoping she would be waiting at MC Carran International Airport, in Vegas.The flight was long and tiring and both boys could not rest because of their worries. All they could do was worry about Natalia and wait for the plane to land. The master copy announced, We have now landed at MC Carran International Airport. I hope you enjoyed your flight.For a split second Parker and Nichols smiled at the pilots ironic statement. Their humour vanished as they entered the airport and remembered their sister. They caught sig ht of her exiting the building through a door and ran after her yelling her name. Natalia not hearing the two, jumped into a nearby cab. Why is she not auditory sense? yelled Parker, Why is she getting into a cab? Does she not realise she is in Vegas?They hailed the next cab and Nichols shouted Follow that cab. Ha-ha I eer wanted to say that. As the confused driver stared at them, Parker and Nichols collapsed into laughter.Natalia arrived at Loews Lake Las Vegas, a five star resort. The gobsmacked brothers caught her full as she entered the suite. Why the glare are you ignoring us? Could you not hear? We have been chasing you for ages shouted Nichols.I couldnt hear you protested the young girl, How was I supposed to know you were here. Besides, I am elderly enough to be on my own. I dont need you twoParker looked at Nichols and burst out laughing. YOU dont need US? they mocked, You are still a particular girl yet.Natalia blushed red but said nothing.The suite was beautiful. It had a view of an artificial lake and sunny skies. Light reflected on the glass table. Bright orange sofas matched the exposure on the wall. The children had never seen anything so fascinating and their faces reflected their happiness.Wow, exclaimed Parker How could you afford this suite?Erm I borrowed Mums credit card said Natalia quietly.Parker grinned and pointed out, You are going to be in so much trouble, once this is over.The next hour was spent inquiring about the quickest flight home. Luckily they managed cancelations for the next day.Well, while we are here we whitethorn as well have some fun tonight laughed Parker Come on, everyone, we are in LAS VEGASNichols gleefully agreed with his brother and just as they were leaving, Nichols order Natalia, Stay here till we get back. We wont be long.But why cant I come too? moaned NataliaBecause you are too young and we might flake out you again. Now stay here and be good said ParkerThey quickly left a sulking Natalia at the hot el and waited for a cab outside. As they stood, the brothers noticed a red-faced angry looking man staring at them. They realised that he was the same man who they had sat next to on the plane.He stave harshly, How dare you steal my briefcase. Who do you think you are?As the boys confusedly denied this accusation, the man showed them a bag that read property of Parker Jones. The boys realised that, on the plane the bags must have accidently been switched. However they had no time to explain as the man pulled up his sleeves and clenched his fists tightly.Parker and Nichols screamed and in a panic, ran down a woebegone street yelling for their lives. Unfortunately the furious man was stronger and faster than either of them. Catching up to the two, he punched them in the head knocking them out. Parker and Nichols saw stars and then everything went black.Parker opened his eyes. He was lying on a sticky brownish floor covered in filthy dark stains. A foul smelling overpowered Parkers nose and he wretched repeatedly. The broken door had been gnawed away at by the rats.Where do you think we are? asked Nichols worriedly.Parker shook his head. I dont know. I just hope to God that we can get out of hereThey both hesitantly peered out of the door into another room similar to the one they had woken up in. Nichols observed a man standing near a small wooden table. Hey, that is Mr. Andrew Stevenson.The two gasped in horror and scuttled back inside. They knew they would have to escape somehow, so shaking with fright they tried to slowly peer out again.Four men were all busy opening a bag, the same that had been switched earlier. The place was lousy and dirty but the men were more interested in the black bag. As they forced it open, a huge pile of fifty dollar notes popped out. We steal this money good and proper smirked one of the men. Perfect plan dont you think?In shock Parker and Nichols tiptoed out of the building and ran as fast as they could to get help. They expla ined the whole story to a detective and the police frantically stormed the building handcuffing the men.Phew I am glad that is over said Parker in relief.As he was speaking the detective came up to them and smiled. Congratulations boys, you have done a good job. It turned out that the men were on the FBIs most wanted disceptation As a sign of our gratitude we are awarding you with 10,000 dollarsThe boys whooped shouting Viva Las Vegas

Health and social care Essay

Explain how the innovation meets the health and wellbeing needs of the individual In health and social c are the wellbeing of the individual is essential for all round health and well-being. Using the case of Miss JB, this essay I volition explain how my plan will meet the health and wellbeing needs of this individual. To assist this process an action plan have been drawn up to reliever the slight term, mid-term and long term goals of the individual to enable Mr JB to achieve his health and wellbeing needs. NOW TALK ABOUT WHAT HEALTH AND WELL BEING ISA persons health and well-being is affected by a number of different factors. In general terms, health and well-being basin be defined as having a balanced diet (e.g. advanced immunity, feeling healthy controlling weight) adequate rest and sleep (e.g. improved concentration, refreshes body, restores heartiness) regular transaction (e.g. improved fitness, weight control, circulation, mobility) supportive relationships (e.g. friend s, family, professionals, improved self-esteem, self-worth) adequate financial resources (e.g. social security benefits, free prescriptions, free dinners, pension, mobility allowance)stimulating work, education and leisure activity (e.g. improve mental ability, valued) According to Mr JB BMI he is considered to be overweight and he does not get a good deal exercise or sleep. Mr JB also lives in a limit space, sharing 2 bedrooms flat with 7 people. He is lends paroxetine and mirtazapine for stress and depression and does not spend any time with his family. Mr JB is at high jeopardy I have created a plan to overhaul improve Mr JB health and well-being. I have suggested the Mr JB move out of his parents house and buy a house of his bear on a long term goal. I have also suggested to him that he could rent as an alternative action. The benefit of Mr JB owning his own home is he will have his independence, having his own space for him and his family and feel less stress about living with his parents. Having regular exercise will friend Mr JB to lose weight I have suggested that he exercise three times a week on a mid-term goal. For an alternative action he needs to lose 3 stone in 3-6 months. He need to join a gym, drink more than than water and eat healthy (five a day fruit and vegetable).The benefits he will get are self-confidence, energy which will help him to spend time with his family, relief of stress and reduce the risk of a effect attack. Regular physical activity can help you prevent or manage a wide range of health problems and concerns, including stroke, metabolous syndrome, type two diabetes, depression, and certain types of cancer, arthritis and falls. Mr JB will also need to take paroxetine gradually. Stop Paroxetine hydrochloride abruptly can cause withdrawal symptoms or cause your passe-partout condition to return. In these instances, reducing the dose of Paroxetine hydrochloride gradually over time may reduce the chances of having these p roblems. Spending quality time and creating happy memories with his family will help reduce stress and strengthen the bond between him and his family which will result in being more relax less stress and help him to taking into custody depending on his medication.I have suggested that he stop smoking because the amount he smoke long term can cause lung cancer, high alliance pressure, cardiovascular disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Alternatively he should reduce that amount he smoke daily from 10 cigarettes a day to 3 a day and also used Nicorette patches to help him to stop over a period of 6 months on a short term plan. If he decides to follow the plan to stop smoking the result can be rewarding less stress, reduce headache, feeling less tired, your experience of taste and smell improve and your heart will be less strained and work more efficiently which reduce that chance of lungs cancer and heart diseases. The recommended amount of alcohol to drink for a man is 21 units a week. Mr JB drinks 28 units a week. Your colored processes alcohol. It can only cope with so much at a time. Drinking more alcohol than the liver can cope with can damage liver cells and produce toxic by-product chemicals.The more you drink, and especially above the recommended limits, the greater the risk of developing serious problems such as liver disease (cirrhosis or hepatitis) cancer gut and pancreas disorders depression dread sexual difficulties muscle and heart muscle disease high blood pressure damage to nervous tissue serious accidents obesity (alcohol is calorie-rich). Also can mental health problems, including depression, anxiety, and various other problems. I have suggested that Mr. JB reduce his alcohol intake by 19units a week which is just low the recommended amount. The benefit of reducing his intake will reduce his chance of liver diseaseYou will immediately start having more money, reduce calories in take, Your liver will begin to rejuvenat e All the little aches and pains throughout your body will slowly but surely go away, Your natural energy will slowly but surely return, You will find joy in all the little things of life, Your family will love the new you When I created this plan for Mr JB I thought about his preferences and circumstances I have chosen long term, mid-term and short term goal for him to achieve. I thought about what are his favourite five a day and encourage him to buy the and gradually introduce new ones if need. Mr JB like the idea of going to the gym so I suggested he join one, he work on shift base, so when he is on late shift I suggest that he take his younger child to school in the morning and pick them up when he is on early shift which will enable to spend more time with his children.