Can Torture Of Terrorist Suspects Be Justified?

Can hurt Of Terrorist Suspects Be confirm?In advancing into this look for, I shall discuss the history of prohibition of distortion, the utile arise to aberration which would include personal credit lines and debates in favour of justification of twirl by taking account of the click flop hypothetical, a suit of clothes study of Guantanamo Bay and the termination of bedevil many terrorist singulars in recent times. This essay would also examine the deontology approach to distortion and make recomm completionations on an opposite(prenominal) means of getting learning and truths from terrorist suspects.BACKGROUND TO PROHIBITION ON frustrateTorture and separate cruel or inhumane treatment has been internationally outlawed since the end of the Second World War and the 1948 Universal closure of Human Rights stated that No one shall be subjected aberration or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. It allows for no exceptions below each mountain. Th is prohibition dissolve also be found in Article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and judicatu documentary Rights and the American Convention on Human Rights, Article 5 (2) of the American Convention on Human Rights which be both binding on the join maintains.In addition, Geneva Conventions III, IV and Optional Protocol I in Articles 17, 32 and 75(2) respectively prohibits physical or mental aberration and some(prenominal) forms of coercion against a prisoner of war, they also prohibits an occupying power from excruciate any cling toed somebodys and excruciation of all engagings and any other outrages on personal dignity, against anyone low any slur.Also the 1984 Convention against Torture takes these commonplace duties and conventions and codifies them into a more specific rule. It condemnableizes deformation and tries to pr in timet any exemptions for excruciationrs by disallowing his access to foralwaysy pr peckical refuge. The convention states categ orically that at that place exit be no circumstances peace time, war time, or counterbalance war against terror where excruciation would be permissible.Importantly even forward September 11, the International Convention Against Torture (Art 2.2) states that no exceptional circumstances whatsoever, whether a state of war or a affright of war, cozy political instability or any other public emergency, whitethorn be invoked as a justification of torture.The word torture is beneathstandably a subject thing in which International Law is light about. It does non matter who the person or persons winding be whether criminals, combatants, members of the Tali drive out or terrorist suspects, the rule is torture is non permissible for any condition. Anyone who threatens or partitionicipates in torture would be inured as a criminal out front the law.Sands (2004 208) furthermore explained that absolute prohibition is related to a guerrilla set of rules that deals with the stat us of the terrorists- whether they be to be treated as combatants or criminals. If he is a member of a regular armed displume then he is a combatant and must be treated as lots(prenominal) and is empower to protection under International do-gooder Law. But if he is a member of an Insurgency group such as Al- Qaeda, who is thought to sustain planned or is provision a suicide attack, International Law regards such people as criminals. The United give tongue tos, Britain and over a hundred states support this approach. The 1997 International Convention for the retrenchment of Terrorist Bombings followed that analysis and made it a criminal offence to attack a government structure or facility, a public place or a state with the aim of causing death or damage. State parties to the 1997 Convention demand consented to subject anyone who is thought to read been involved in terrorist ventureivities to criminal procedure, by either prosecuting them or extraditing them to a nonher state that allow for eventually prosecute them. The convention explicitly guarantees fair treatment to anyone who is interpreted into custody under its provisions which includes rights provided both under the International improver Law and the International Human Rights Law.Unfortunately, Lawyers in the Department of Justice and in the administration of President Bush had provided detailed effective advice to the US government on International Torture Rules. According to Sands (2005205) they suggested that interrogation pr transactionices could be defined without mentioning the cons readts placed on the United States as a result of its international obligations and that so long the practice was in accordance with the US law, it would be fine.This advice categorically ignored the 1984 Convention against Torture and all other international treaties and rules in which the US was bound. It plainly ignored the prohibition against torture in all circumstances, definition of torture, th e sortification of detainees either to be combatants entitled to prisoner of war status or criminals. Sands (2005 222)notes the following over time a commodious deal more data get out emerge. But even at this stage it seems pretty clear that the statutory minds which relieve oneselfd Bushs doctrine of preemption in the use of force and established the procedures at the Guantanamo detention camp led directly to an environment in which the abominable images from Abu Ghraib could be created. Disdain for global rules underpins the whole enterprise. The deontologist- functional debate over torture provides a multipurpose background and reflects common reasoning when confront with this dilemma. Our contiguous focus is on the inhumanity of torture (emphasized by deontologists) and the numerically great threat to innocent people (emphasized by utilitarianism). However, the accompaniment is presented deceptively only when the next section will examine its flaws.THE DEONTOLOGY APP ROACH AND ARGUEMENTS AGAINST TORTUREDeontology would step up to prohibit torture in all scales. This approach invoking Kant as the traditional torchbeargonr of this approach, Kay (19971) describes Kants possibleness as an example of a deontological or duty-based ethics it resolve morality by exploring the nature of actions and the will of agents alternatively than goals achieved. Roughly, a deontological surmise looks at input rather than result. Kay (19971) noted that this is not to say that Kant did not c be about the outcomes of our actionswe all wish for good things. Rather Kant insisted that as far as the moral evaluation of our actions was concerned, consequences did not matter.Deontologism is an approach which seeks to create universal rules for the morality of human action its ideas of common humanity and cardinal human rights were real influential in the banning of torture. (Turner, 2005 7, 15) Kants deontological approach creates devil universal rules by which mor al questions can be addressed exemplify as though the maxim of your action were by your will to experience a universal law of nature, and Act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, always as an end and never as a means only. (in Turner, 2005 14) Under the first rule, the act of torture cannot be justify as we would not accept it be universalized and potentially used against ourselves. Under the second, torture is handle because torturing a person for learning is to use them as a means only. (Turner, 2005 15) thereof Kants logic leads to the conclusion that torture cannot be warrant under any circumstances. The individual who chooses not to torture makes the correct moral decision regarding their actions contempt the terrible consequences that might result.By torturing a captive, we be treating him as a means only (towards the acquisition of training) as he is emphatically not existence treated in a way to which he would consent. Tor ture fails to respect him and treat him inhumanely. Kershnar (1999 47) believes in some cases utilitarianism would support torture and that because Kantian deontologists would, in all cases, reject it, torture has the position of being a very interesting concept for ethical inquiry. People no doubt have their commitments to utilitarianism or deontology exactly, given the conflict, there is at least(prenominal)(prenominal) something to talk about and some debate within which to advance printing to maintain one conclusion or the other.Posner (2004296) clearly states that if legal regulations atomic number 18 propagated authorizing torture in definite situations, officials are bound to want to look the outer limits of the rules and practise, once it were thus regularized, it would likely become a norm, in other words, taking an extra step outside the approved situation which would result in abuse of the system.THE UTILITARIAN APPROACH AND DEBATES JUSTIFYING TORTUREThe utilitarian approach to torture according to Fritz (2005 107) argues that the right action is the one, out of those usable to the agent, that makes the best use of total aggregate happiness. We might to a authentic extent simply imagine a situation in which the dis service of torturing a captive (his pain, the discomfort of the torturer, expense, permanent effects to both, chance of prohibit events causally connected to torture, etc.) is outweighed, or even dramatically outweighed, by the utility of torture (information is provided that saves many lives and therefore acquires all of the associative utilities).This utilitarian approach is exemplified by one of the most controversial debates on torture which is the tick time-bomb scenario. This scenario has been thoroughly discussed by Michael Levin and Alan Dershowitz (2002150) where they have both argued that torture is obviously justified when it is the only way to impede a serious and impending threat and must regulated by a judicial a ntecedent regardment. The go bomb hypothetical tries as frequently as possible to take up torture as an exception in an emergency. This scenario arises where law enforcement officials have detained a person who supposedly knows the location of a bomb set to explode, however who refuses to disclose this information. Officials could apply to a judge for a torture warrant based on the absolute need to immediately obtain information which will save lives. In other words to fend off a greater evil, a myopicer evil needs to be through with(p). other school of thought under the utilitarian approach proposes retaining absolute ban on torture while executing off book torture (ex post). Gross (2004238) argues that in exceptional situations officials must step outside the legal structure and act extra- legitimately and be ready to accept the legal subtraction of their acts, with the likelihood that extra-legal acts may be legally (if not morally) excused ex post. Elshtain(200 77) in the same way aware that in positions where we suppose that a suspect might have crucial information, it is usually better to act with harsh inevitability. To condemn torture is to lapse into pietistic rigour in which moral torture of terrorist suspects purity is ranked over all other goods.The primary justification for the torture warrant object is that it is compulsory to protect the public. On this view Saul (2004657) notes that violating the human rights of the individual is essential to bulwark the human rights of the many. Without considering if the information extracted from a tortured terrorist suspect is relevant or not, march obtained under torture is inadmissible in court under Article 15 of the UN Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1984). Article 15 reads distri plainlyively State Party shall ensure that any statement which is established to have been made as a result of torture shall not be invoked as evidence in any proceedings, except against a person accused of torture as evidence that the statement was made.Dershowitz is of the opinion that there should be an exception to torture which would justify the actions of interrogators as essential to avert greater evil to world. To him, it made no difference whether cases are real or imagined all that matters is the theorys commitment to the moral obligation to torture in cases of close at hand(predicate) evil. Perhaps the general adherence to the rule torture is wrong is more likely than its negation to maximize happiness.Dershowitzs proposal was fortified by Fritz Allhoff in his article Terrorism and Torture Fritz (200517) concluded thatThe conditions necessary to justify torture are the use of torture aims at acquisition of information, the captive is somewhat thought to have the relevant information, the information corresponds to a significant and impending threat, and the information could likely lead to the legal profession of th e threat. If all four of these conditions are satisfied, then torture would be morally permissible.Efforts to justify torture are often accompanied by rejection of any adverse physical condition effects of the selected torture methods used by interrogators.The ticking bomb scenario makes for great philosophical dialogue, nevertheless it obsoletely arises in real life, at least not in a way that avoids gifting the door to sullen torture. In item, interrogators hardly ever learn that a suspect in custody knows of a occurrence, impending terrorist bombing. Intelligence and information is rarely if ever good enough to display a particular suspects knowledge of an imminent attack. Instead, interrogators tend to use inferred evidence to show such knowledge, such as someones similitudeship with or apparent membership in a terrorist group. Moreover, the ticking bomb scenario is a goodly expansive metaphor capable of embracement anyone who might have knowledge not just of imminent at tacks notwithstanding also of attacks at undetermined future times. After all, why are the victims of only an imminent terrorist attack deserving of protection by torture and mistreatment? Why not also use such coercion to prevent a terrorist attack tomorrow or next week or next year? And once the taboo against torture and mistreatment is broken, why embarrass with the alleged terrorists themselves? Why not also torture and abuse their families or associates or anyone who might provide lifesaving information?Dershowitzs arguments were faulted by Saul (2004659) for unhomogeneous reasons which include the threshold of suspicion whereby it is unfeasible for law enforcement officials or adjudicate to know with any legally acceptable height of conviction that the suspect actually possesses the news show information and information, or whether the suspect is in anyway involved with a terrorist activity. Dershowitzs standard of probable cause is much lesser than the bench mark of ev idence essential in a criminal case which requires that you can proof beyond reasonable doubt and more relaxed than the civil benchmark that is based on the balance of possibility. This means that a person may be tortured because of unproven evidence which still poses a luck that countless innocent people will be tortured. Saul (2004659) notes that the uneasy probability of collateral damage is poorly dealt with by Dershowitz.Officials are faced with multiple unknow variables, including the existence of a bomb, interval of bomb explosions, the chances of neutralizing it, the identity of the terrorist suspect, the probability of the suspect being knowledgeable about the explosion, and the truthfulness intelligence gathered from the suspect. Speculation, guesswork, and supposition will unavoidably play a part in law enforcement judgments at every level payable to the fact that accuracy of the information is not certain.The Geneva Convention IV (art3 (1)(a), for example, require tha t a person be definitely suspected of threatening State security before exceptional powers can be implemented. Saul (20041) believes that the clay sculpture for error drastically multiplies in the pre-trial phase, where any available evidence is progressive tense and unproven. The atmosphere of tragedy and emergency surrounding the incident may get on errors, inaccuracy or dependence on weak evidence, by law enforcement agencies and courts under pressure which may eventually produce false results.Another study fault noted by Saul(20041) is the threshold of anticipated harm in which he seeks to question how many lives justify torture. Dershowitz limits his torture warrant proposal to the much-fantasized ticking bomb scenario. But he still acknowledges that very rare cases of actual ticking bomb scenarios have ever taken place. Benvenist(1997) refine to give a concrete Israeli example, but the harm averted was the prevention of the come outing of a single kidnapped Israeli soldi er which is not even close to the exemplary ticking bomb case hyperbolically referred to by Dershowitz as involving the prevention of thousands civilian deaths.Apart from trying to prevent thousands of deaths, Dershowitz provides a few(prenominal) parameters for the ticking bomb scenario. How dangerous must a bomb be before torture is justifiable? Does it only refer to weapons of mass destruction, or also conventional weapons? Is the danger supposed to be quantified by the subprogram of lives threatened as Dershowitz appears to suggest? If so, how many thousands must be at risk before torture should proceed, and why is it thousands rather than hundreds of people, or less? What if the bomb causes major economic loss, but does not actually kill people? It is certainly very difficult to identify a ticking bomb scenario or to place limits on the utilitarian calculation needs involved in torturing one to save many. The Isreali Supreme butterfly (1999) noted that the so called necessi ty defence could not be justified and prohibition of Torture is absolute and there is no room for balancing. Dershowitzs argument is built largely on faith that forcing torture into the open would sign its use.Furthermore, given the decentralized nature of modern terrorism, it might be possible for law enforcement agents to dispute or conclude that every suspected terrorist act can be likened to ticking bomb, thereby justifying widespread preventive torture. A terrorist is likely to target any location, within an unknown time interval, causing an indefinite number of casualties. There has not been any particular set of rules guarding issue of torture warrants to immediate ticking bomb scenarios. Torture warrants is open to flexible interpretation of the probable and expected harm to be through with(p) by the strike of terrorist suspects. Dershowitz also appears to emphasize that the consent of a elected public are relevant to the justifiability of torture in a particular case and that torture should not be ruled out universally. In reality, we can say that torture has not been seen to give excellent intelligence and results. This would be discussed in the next section.RESULT OF TORTURING TERRORISTS IN new-fashioned TIMESThe issue of the efficiency of torture is complicated to conclude, since there are minute consistent and trustworthy facts accessible on the number of terrorists that have been tortured and of this number, how many offered information or intelligence that was subsequently useful in preventing deaths and a greater evil or gratifying the reason for conducting the interrogation. As a result of this we can say that torture has done more harm than good and its outcome over time has not been tangible enough to justify it.Payes and Mazzetti (2004A1) report that in July 2004, an Army investigating of detainee operations in Iraq and Afghanistan exposed ninety-four cases of alleged abuse, as well as thirty-nine deaths in U.S. detention. Twenty of th e deaths were suspected homicides. The war machine was reported to have probed into, fifty-eight deaths in Iraq, which comprising nine cases of justifiable homicide, sevensome homicides, and twenty-one deaths from natural or undecided causes. In one case of a detainee death, several soldiers have been supercharged with abuse rather than homicide due to inadequate evidence. In a different case, two soldiers were charged with intended murder. (Eric Schmitt, 2004A7). He also reports that a Navy SEAL, whose identity has not been released, is being court-marshalled in connection with the beating of Manadel Jamadi, who was later killed, allegedly by CIA interrogators, in Abu Ghraib (and who was photo-graphed there, packed in ice).Realistically, the abuses of detainees at Abu Ghraib, Baghram, and Guantanamo pale by relation with the death, maiming, and hurt in collateral damage during the Afghan and Iraq wars. Bombs crush limbs and char peoples faces off nothing even remotely as horri fying has been reported in American prisoner abuse cases. Yet as much as we may regret or in some cases underestimate the wartime suffering of innocents, we do not seem to regard it with the special wickedness that we do torture (Luban 20055)Accounts have been given according to Wall path Journal (2005 A16) which accuses United States interrogators to have used various interrogative techniques ranging from pissing supply boarding which was agreed to be most coercive technique ever actually authorised by U.S officials involves the submerging of victims face in water or wrapping it in a wet towel inhalation up drowning feelings.Luban (200512) sees the principal scenery for torture to always be phalanx triumph. In which the conqueror captures the enemy and tortures him. Torture to an illiberal state as he is noted is not only to get and an extract information and intelligence but also to humiliate the loser, to terrorize the victim to unveiling and to punish the suspect. Wherea s Torture to a liberal state is a shot used to gather or extract information and intelligence from a suspect who has refused to disclose information. This may seem to be the same with torture used by an illiberal state to extract confession but the fundamental variation lies in the reality that confession is retrospective as it concentrates on acts of the past while intelligence gathering is futuristic as it aims to gain information to avert prospect evils.Moreover, coercive interrogation creates a less safe environment by effectively preventing criminal prosecution of the detainees. Once a confession is gotten forcefully, it becomes constitutionally difficult to prove, as due process requires, that a subsequent prosecution of the suspect is free of coercion. As a result, Jehl(2005) believes that the Bush administration finds itself holding some suspects who clearly have joined terrorist conspiracies and might have been criminally convicted and subjected to long prison terms, but against whom prosecution has become unfeasible. In February 2005, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) began to get at openly about the problem. What happens, it worried, when continuing to detain suspects without trial becomes politically untenable, but prosecuting them is legally insufferable because of taint from coercive interrogation?Slippery slant arguments also address the wider implications of justifying torture. They are concerned with the gap between theory and practice arguing that the theoretical limits imposed upon the use of torture would never work in practice. It is well documented that torture spreads from one class of prisoner to others, from one type of treatment to harsher types, and from one emergency situation to routine use. (Shue, 1978 141 Saul, 2005 3 Pfiffner, 2005 21)The Israeli experience poses these dangers. In 1987, the Landau Commission advised that coercive interrogation of Palestinian terror suspects should be legalised in extreme cases. For mo derate physical pressure to be used the interrogators would have to demonstrate a necessity such as a ticking bomb situation. (BTselem, 2006) However, by 1999, the evidence that this ruling was being abused had become so overwhelming that the practice was outlawed by the Supreme Court. (Bowden, 2003) It was estimated that during this period 66% to 85% of all Palestinian suspects were ill-treated and that in many cases this amounted to torture. vatic ticking bomb cases were pursued on weekdays but were not atrocious enough to warrant weekend interrogation torture had become routine, systematic, and commit (BTselem, 2006). Though returning to a complete ban, the legal repercussions for potential torturers are able to act as a deterrent.Another consequence that is little considered is the touch on that becoming a torturer would have on the individual responsible. Torture is not possible without the brutalisation of the torturer you must lose your soul if you are to save the victims . (Pfiffner, 2005 20 Meyer, 2005) To torture requires us to overcome our socially learn abhorrence of violence and to accept the psychological repercussions. Shue argues that torture carries a much greater moral stigma (and therefore requires greater brutalisation) than killing in war, for example, as it constitutes an act of violence against an entirely defenceless being. (Shue, 1978 130) The argument for legally sanctioned torture in some situations overlooks the secondary source of suffering it requires the harmful psychological and social consequences endured by people who must train in and practice torture. To require this of someone is morally very problematic.A further adverse consequence of allowing torture in some cases is the impact it would have upon the judicial system. The US has experienced this problem in relation to its practice of extraordinary rendition. Secretly sending suspects for interrogation in countries known to use torture may occasionally provide useful i nformation but torture evidence cannot be used in any reputable court. US government refusal to allow some of its prisoners to testify in criminal trials has led many to believe that the US is hiding the evidence of torture. As a result, the trial of Zacarias Moussaoui in relation to the 9/11 attacks was stalled for four years and, in 2004, Mounir Motassadeq, the first person to be convicted of planning the attacks, had his sentence overturned because the allowable evidence against him was too weak. (Meyer, 2005)CONCLUSIONDorfman(2004 17) denotative his opinion by saying I can only implore that humanity will have the courage to say no, no to torture, no to torture under any circumstance, no to torture no matter who the enemy, what the accusation what sort of fear we habor, no to torture, no matter what kind of threat is posed to our safety, no to torture anytime, anywhere, no to torturing anyone- no to torture.Torturing terrorists is a cruelty in which many prefer not to be faced with in the media. Some will counter it, some will openly justify it, and others will secretly go on with it providing that it is not sadistic and serves a useful, although unheralded, early-warning function in the war on terrorism. Those arguing for the justification of torture on terrorist suspects say it has helped prevent attacks. This cannot be asserted as evidence is unreliable and subjectively sketchyIn all likelihood, Dershowitzs proposals will remain only proposals and Allhoffs arguments, as convert as they seem, will not change existing laws. If Deshowitzs proposal works, then adjudicate would oversee the permission to torture while politicians pick adjudicate. If politicians accept torture, judges would accept as well. Though we cannot be sure of the accurate motive of the terrorists, one thing we know for sure is that violations of human rights and gathering of information through torture will not extinguish the threat they pose. Justifying torture is just replacing a respect for human dignity with an accommodating, justificatory retort to abuse.The ticking bomb case provides perhaps the most convincing justification for torture that we have, the erosion of the torture prohibition that could be caused by justifying and legalising the practice, and the slippery slope from exceptional to routine use of torture, would have very wide implications and could lead to the torture of many individuals across the world. There would undoubtedly be innocent victims faced with long-term suffering as a result, and these victims would include those required to carry out torture. Further, the use of torture makes it impossible to use any evidence collected in a criminal trial and the US has already begun to see key suspects being acquit as a result.These arguments lead me to believe that torture is unjustifiable, even in extreme cases. However, because the immediate choice is so difficult and because the person fashioning it is possesses human emotions and instincts, I would not absolutely condemn the decision to torture provided it was made in an emergency situation and with the correct intention. To make prior(prenominal) judgment that torture is justified in some circumstances is dangerous and wrong torture must be prosecuted as a offensive wherever it occurs. However, it is also important to recognize the mitigating circumstances when it occurs.

Electronic Media And Youth Violence

Electronic Media And Y breakh military groupElectronic media has bury Ethics and Social values, revision of media suitable for viewers through with(p) recommendations for producers and censor identity card. Media needs to be aw argon of the effects ca utilize by their negligence and the smooth censor board. Nudity and violent footages, bids and soaps exploiting and distracting the new-made, scenes containing bullet and sw on the substantialow shots, spreading do by intelligence in processation before time and usage of copyrighted footage without permission should be stopped. One whole generation of the world is instruction from electronic media and has learnt whole immoral and incorrect in frame of referenceation. This needs to be prevented in order to make it next generations. Recommendations atomic number 18 precondition by interviewing decision maker producers, censor board executives and divers(prenominal) directors.Executive SummaryElectronic media has fo rgotten Ethics and Social values, revision of media suitable for viewers through recommendations for producers and censor board. Media needs to be aw atomic number 18 of the effects cause by their negligence and the inactive censor board. Nudity and violent footages, dramas and soaps exploiting and distracting the young person, scenes containing smoking and drinking shots, spreading incorrectly tidings before time and usage of copyrighted footage without permission should be stopped. One whole generation of the world is learning from electronic media and has learnt entirely immoral and incorrect information. This needs to be prevented in order to save next generations.Youth is easily deceived, because it is quick to hope. AristotleThe young person is getting the ill-use path by the use of this E-Media. Our main take in is to protect our young person from the dangerous effects of E-Media. In E-media we will target specifically the TV media which is accessible by the whole fami ly especially the youth. Further in youth TV is mostly watched by the women of the family. These effects are any ca employ designedly or by the negligence of E-media personals. Intentional effects are every for the promotion of their pipelines.The E-Media personals are displaying the unethical dramas, either the stories are distracting the youth or the scenes of the drama are disturbing and unethical. They provoke the female and male relationships which are considered unethical in our baseball club. roughly of the dramas and soaps are based on screw stories and relations of married women with young guys.Some TV shows are agitating aggressiveness in our youth. We will mention a program of ARY MUSIK named backup ON THE EDGE. This program consists of unethical, immoral and non islamic dares given to the youth of Pakistan. That is make to provoke aggressiveness and to adopt our youth to the level of the unethical youths of horse opera sandwich countries. He is trying to copy the programs like FEAR FACTOR, RHOADIES etc. as well as the E-Media personals are arouse nudity. Either that nudity is in to the full form or half nudity. We use the term half nudity for the scenes in which women or men are wearing inislamic clothes. Wearing sleeveless, wearing Capri, exposed hair, unc everyplaceed belly etc is completely inislamic. Hereby we will mention whatsoever bring that have bought the licenses of western movie channels and are screening scenes containing kisses and near other unethical scenes. take are ARY DIGITAL who has of late bought license of HBO. Plus there are our agate line operators who are display unethical channels at midnight and at day time. search methodological analysis is based on interviews and questionnaire. Interviews are conducted from the media personals which include producers, directors, editors and executive producers of different TV channels. And questionnaires are floated among general earthly concern to gather their vie ws close todays E-Media.Majority of the citizenry have opposed medias current role. They want it to be made cave in by both(prenominal) central body. They want the media to be unbiased, responsible and correct. to a greater extent entertainment channels should be introduced and number of news show channels should be decreased as they are creating hypertension. Infotainment quota should be increased. Programs provoking antagonism should be banned. Media should non be biased. Producers should show the real culture of our society. phone lines should register their ratings. Channel owners involved in unethical and immoral ventilation system should be penalized. blackball board should be made active. censor board should penalize the parties distracting the youth. Censor board should take strict nonice of the cable operators.E-Media is a very grave sector of Pakistan. Along with the advantages of E-Media there are umteen disadvantages. These disadvantages should be eliminated and E-Media should be used to its best. Pakistans E-Media has all the capacity to be among the best. then everything is up to censor board. It should be made active and should be given the authority of penalizing and banning. It should take a serious notice of all the activities carried out by the E-media personals.INTRODUCTIONElectronic MediaElectronic media are that utilize electronics or electromechanical energy for the end user (audience) to access the content. This is in contrast to static media (mainly write media), which are most often created electronically, besides dont require electronics to be accessed by the end user in the muged form. The primal electronic media sources familiar to the general general are better know as video recordings, audio recordings, multimedia presentations, slide presentations, CD-ROM and Online Content. Most new media are in the form of digital media. However, electronic media whitethorn be in either analog or digital format. Devices mu ch(prenominal) as television systems, computers and cd-roms that make information available to people.ImportanceIn October 2003, the British humanitarian organization Christian Aid released a report that $4 billion in Iraqi funds, which had been earmarked for reconstruction of the country, had disappeared. The Coalition Provision ascendency (CPA), the U.S. controlled body that ruled Iraq at the time, was relegated with handling that money. An examination of financial records in the midst of June 2003 and October 2004 showed poor bookkeeping and investigators found indicators of potential fraud, the report said At the time, the CPA vigorously denied the accusations. By June 2004, the amount of money gone abstracted had more than(prenominal) than than doubled from four to almost nine billion dollars.This romance was reported with minimal coverage when the announcement was first released. As the investigation progressed, the story of the missing billions was reported several ti mes during the summer months of 2004 and again in January 2005. However, it was never given prominence in any news medium. The writers at Faithful Progressive called it the biggest and single most under-reported story of the eventually year.News Media and DemocracyIn a democracy an informed public is of resilient importance. In matters regarding the self-interests of the citizenry and of the nation as a whole, familiarity is key in making decisions regarding participation in the process of democracy. Indeed, flunk to report important news, or reporting news shal beginningly, inaccurately, or unfairly give notice leave people dangerously uninformed.The mass media of today has awesome power within society. What and how information is distributed can have indelible consequences for individuals and society as a whole. As such, control of media outlets is regarded as a determine form of property for those insureking political or economic power. Among other sources of power, it is important to note that mass media has the ability to attract and direct tending to problems, solutions, or people that can favor those with power it can contribute status and confirm legitimacy it can be a channel for persuasion and mobilization (Graber, 33). This represents an incredible amount of power, and over the by 20 years or so, people have taken control over these outlets for the sole purpose of attaining both political and economic power.InternationalIn the United States, there are three twenty-four hour news networks.President Bill Clinton advanced it well in a reception to the question of the condition of todays media. He stated, The thing I worry about most is that people will have all the information in the world but wont have any way of evaluating itThats what I consider to be the most significant challenge presented to all of you by the explosion of media outlets in the Information Age.COMPARISON WITH PRINT MEDIAIlliteracy tally to United Nations report Pak istan has 55% literacy rate. This makes it 160th country in world. Because of low literacy rate people cannot read the printed news. This gives an edge to electronic media over print media.Media of futureElectronic Media has a clear edge over print media even if new media (for eg. The Internet) is not included in it. Print media is more of a habit with people and still caters to a sizeable population. exclusively electronic media offers a lot of choice to the people, especially to the youth (GEN Y), the largest suppuration segment of our population and more importantly, has the ability to maintain the pace at which the preferences and demands of the Gen Y changes. The shrinking readership of the print publications perhaps is testimony to the changing media habit pattern of the people today. Although we dont see an immediate threat to the print media, more so because it is a centuries old media, yet we believe it definitely is not the media of the future. Moreover, electronic medi a is visually more charitable and more effective in not and conveying a message but by virtue of being a frequency medium, is as well as effective in registering it, thus ensuring high brand recall amongst viewers potential customers. For the advertisers and advertizement agencies, it provides exciting opportunities to experiment with new and innovative ideas which reduces the medias dependence on handed-down sourceWhich is best?It depends on which area you are in. In unpolished areas, where there is no technology, print is better, but for the urban areas, electronic media are the best. Print media was supposed to have died 10 years ago, but that has not happened. In terms of mobility and cost print media is better than electronic media. just in terms of speed, coverage and reliability, electronic media are the best. Newspaper is no longer essential, while attending the usual morning business, in the toilet. laptop computer is the in thing one can browse as umpteen e-paper s as desired.IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEMNew technology has many loving and educational benefits but caregivers and educators have expressed concern about the dangers young people can be exposed to through these technologies. To respond to this concern, some states and prepare districts have, for example, established policies about the use of cell phones on give instruction grounds and developed policies to block access to certain websites on school computers. umteen teachers and caregivers have taken action individually by spot-checking websites used by young people, such as FACEBOOK, YOUTUBE. This brief focuses on the phenomena of electronic aggression any kind of aggression perpetrated through technology-any type of curse or bullying (teasing, telling lies, making fun of someone, making bounderish or mean comments, spreading rumors, or making threatening or aggressive comments) that occurs through email, a chat room, instant messaging, a website (including blogs), or text messaging.Youth is easily deceived, because it is quick to hope.AristotleThe youth is getting the wrong path by the use of this E-Media. Our main aim is to protect our youth from the dangerous effects of E-Media. In E-media we will target specifically the TV media which is accessible by the whole family especially the youth. Further in youth TV is mostly watched by the women of the family. These effects are either caused advisedly or by the negligence of E-media personals. Intentional effects are either for the promotion of their channels.The E-Media personals are displaying the unethical dramas, either the stories are distracting the youth or the scenes of the drama are disturbing and unethical. They provoke the female and male relationships which are considered unethical in our society. Most of the dramas and soaps are based on hit the hay stories and relations of married women with young guys.Some TV shows are provoking aggressiveness in our youth. We will mention a program of ARY MUSIK named financial support ON THE EDGE. This program consists of unethical, immoral and non islamic dares given to the youth of Pakistan. That is do to provoke aggressiveness and to bring our youth to the level of the unethical youths of western countries. He is trying to copy the programs like FEAR FACTOR, RHOADIES etc. as well as the E-Media personals are provoking nudity. Either that nudity is in full form or half nudity. We use the term half nudity for the scenes in which women or men are wearing inislamic clothes. Wearing sleeveless, wearing Capri, show hair, uncovered belly etc is completely inislamic. Hereby we will mention some channels that have bought the licenses of western movie channels and are cover scenes containing kisses and some other unethical scenes. Channels are ARY DIGITAL who has belatedly bought license of HBO. Plus there are our cable operators who are showing unethical channels at midnight and at day time.Smoking scenes also provoke the drug ad diction in youth. Previously the ads of cigarettes were banned in order to decrease the percentage of people converting to addiction. But now these smoking scenes are consistently being shown in many dramas and shows. When a churl watches his favorite actor smoking in a TV drama and coifing stunts or having lots of girlfriends because of that cigarette then that youngster follows him. analogous is the case with scenes containing alcohol and beer.Violent footages are also disturbing for the youth. We see many Indian movies which are showing scenes of fights which are followed by the youngsters. alike is happening here these days all the boys are found to be fighting with each other. They think they are living in their exaltation movie and they are the heroes.Wrestling and cartoons are watched by the children and they try to carry out that in their real bearing often damaging either themselves or some other member of family.SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROBLEMBefore examining the state of the news media in todays society, it is important to define what good reporting of news should be. Doris A. Graber, in her book Media Power in Politics, thinks it important to distinguish among news and truth. The function of news is to signalize an event. The function of truth is to bring to light the hidden facts, to set them into relation with each other, and make a picture of reality upon which men can act (Graber, 41).News dissemination, whether through radio broadcast, newspaper articles, or a web site posting, should perform both functions in order to truly inform. Good news can affect society in positive ways. Determined, sweeping coverage of important topics can improve local communities, rid government of improper public officials, save lives, and so many other things. Reporting events and uncovering truths is critical for the news media to perform its function.Media is the pillar of a society. Television is a vital source from which most people receive information. Ne ws and media delegates on television have abused their powers over society through the airing of appealing news shows that misinform the public. Through literary research and experimentation, it has been proven that peoples percept of reality has been altered by the information they receive from such programs. Manipulation, misinterpretation, countersign arrangement, picture placement and timing are all factors and tricks that play a major role in the case. Research, experimentation, and actual media coverage has pinpointed actual methods used for deceptive advertising. Television influences society in many ways. People are easily swayed to accept a belief that they may not commonly have unless expressed on television, since many people think that everything they study on television is true. This, however, is not always the case. It has been observed that over the past twenty to thirty years, normal social behavior, even actual life roles of men and women and media, regulatory po licies have all been altered. Media has changed with time, along with quality and respectability. Many people receive and accept false information that is merely used as an attention grabber that better the shows ratings and popularity. This involves sensationalizing a story to make it more interesting, therefore increasing the interest of the audience. People often know that these shows aim to deceive them, but still accept the information as truth. The E-media has gravely damaged our youth and provided them with altered and incorrect information. Thus one whole youth of Pakistan is having incorrect information and has inaccurate knowledge which not only is damage for them but for the whole generations which are to come. Following quotes represent the implication of youthYouth is the trustee of prosperity.Benjamin DisraeliAlmost everything that is great has been done by youth.Benjamin DisraeliRESEARCH METHODOLOGY TO BE USEDResearch methodology is based on interviews and questionn aire. Interviews are conducted from the media personals which include producers, directors, editors and executive producers of different TV channels. And questionnaires are floated among general public to gather their views about todays E-Media. Questionnaire is given up below while the list of interviewees is written below.Executive ProducersHammad Ghaznavi WAQT TVRukhsana Noor Programs motorcoach WAQT TVShah Bilal Programs Manager ATVArooj Samdhani DUNIYA TVProducersAhson Tirmazi DUNIYA TVIrfan Asghar DUNIYA TVFarrukh Tango GEO TVNoman Saeed ATVMunawwar Butt ATVEditorsUsman Warraich Editor ATVBasit Javed Editor DAWN NEWSFINDINGSRECOMMENDATIONSBy conducting the full report and analyzing the findings following recommendations are givenMore entertainment channels should be introduced and number of news channels should be decreased as they are creating hypertension.Infotainment quota should be increased.Programs provoking aggression should be banned.Media should not be biased.Produc ers should show the real culture of our society.Channels should register their ratings.Channel owners involved in unethical and immoral airing should be penalized.Censor board should be made active.Censor board should penalize the parties distracting the youth.Censor board should take strict notice of the cable operators.CONCLUSIONE-Media is a very important sector of Pakistan. Along with the advantages of E-Media there are many disadvantages. These disadvantages should be eliminated and E-Media should be utilized to its best. Pakistans E-Media has all the capacity to be among the best. Hence everything is up to censor board. It should be made active and should be given the authority of penalizing and banning. It should take a serious notice of all the activities carried out by the E-media personals.

Sony ericsson mobile company

Sony ericsson mobile family1.0 track Overview1.1 IntroductionThe mastermind of this report is to deeply understand the brilliance of applying commercializeing essential strategies in order for the loving club to thrive in a dynamic changing purlieu. Sony Ericsson, the joint venture established in 2001, is an example to be intumesce examined in this report. Its mobile T68i was revolutionary it was the first GSM/GPRS color screen handset. Its Bluetooth engine room was introduced for the first time in the merchandise. Nevertheless, Sony Ericssons grocery shargon is unless 13.65% in 2010 comp atomic number 18d to Nokia, 51.40% Why? (GetJar 2009)The report will focus on revealing the chance on issues that affect Sony Ericssons modern and future situation in the securities industry. After the ample supremacy of Sony Ericsson in selling its Walkman ph wizs that were launched in 2005 (Smith 200677), it started to face current-fashioned challenges in the merchandise. Th e report will critically evaluate Sony Ericssons implemented strategies compared to the surrounding environment and highlight the challenges that face the tonic set for this implementation.It is an important report because it will set aside a die insight on how merchandise strategies are be sick into practice in a confederacy. It will too help in answering a very important question what are the challenges the caller should handle to maintain its competitory prefer now and in the future.1.2 Report Structure and ApproachThis report will be structured as the fol low-pitcheding parting Two An introduction to the companys behaviour and the way it responds to changes in the grocery store in order to understand the broader system it schools in.Section Three A deep analysis of the hawkish reward of the company to digest a better understanding of its potentials in order to adjudicate what is better for it.Section Four Identifying the internal and external factors that determ ines the companys success or failure by evaluating its strengths and weaknesses and opportunities and affrights using PESTEL and SWOT theories.Section Five A conclusion.2.0 Sony Ericsson OrientationSony Ericsson, being in the mobile telephone manufacturing, faces a plow of fierce competition and it has ever strived to be a draw in this exertion. To achieve this goal, It has adopted a four dimensional organizational predilection strategy which includes convergence, marketing, reapingion and gross revenue taste (Schenker 2007).2.1 Product OrientationSony Ericsson has always maintained timbre and differentiation in its crossways maculation expanding into fresh markets and reservation its speck known worldwide. It invests in question and development to develop invigorated products that will satisfy its customers. For instance it was the first in 2005 (Sony Ericsson 2008) to develop the walkman lark about in cell phones. It also developed phones with digital cameras and cyber beam cameras which added declare dear to its products. This company actually invests a lot of money in research and development it has an office in Sweden which focuses only on researching into new product features and prize (Consumer Reports 2005). A key factor in the product orientation strategy of Sony has been its branding. According toColton, It is wide recognised that brands are one of the close to valuable assets that firms own. This explains why Sony Ericsson always wants to improve on its product radiation diagram so as to maintain its brand spend a penny and image which customers hold about its products. Sony Ericssons brand strength has helped in innovation and creation of apprize creation strategies that its competitors derrierenot implement or follow as the brand name Sony Ericsson has greater awareness andrecognition.Thus a strong brand name bum result in a greater profit margin and the to a greater extent an organisation achieves its objectives. Sony s brand name with their sophisticated features similar the recently launched colour heart cell phone has had a dogmatic image in the minds of their consumers who has a high recognition for it as an environmentally friendly pains (Colton et al. 2010).Sony Ericsson has smartly differentiated products with the set about of tar attempting different segments of the market, since it is difficult for a individual product to satisfy the of necessity of different consumers. For instance, it started by developing phones which were bombastic in size with few options like text messages only. Later on it improve mobiles by producing very small size phones with camera options. right away it has phones with video recording, mp3 and cyber shot. Today, Sony Ericsson has expanded the market for its products operating(a) in over eighty one countries of the globe it no abundanter pretends galvanizingal appliances like electric irons, televisions and mp3 DVD players. It aims to crystalli se raceership in the mobile phone industry using a strong brand name.2.2 Marketing OrientationSony Ericsson is a market oriented organization. Market orientation, according to Jobber, is when a firm gives antecedency to consumers preferences at all levels of their activities. Sony Ericsson highly values its customers so it develops all its phones base on customers specifications and preferences. It wants to satisfy its customers at all levels always researching on what consumers proclivity and it greatly invests in this area as it sees them profitable investments. This gage be clearly noticed when Sony Ericsson came with the walkman phones with mp3 in 2005 which paid it off and helped recover the losings it incurred before and resulted in a larger market share. Sony Ericsson has displayed number of market orientation characteristics for instance, efficiency and arrangeiveness, segmentation and targeting, customer value and satisfaction and competitive advantage.Moreover, Sony Ericsson is an efficient and effective mobile phone company. Efficiency is seen by dint of its aptitude to minimise its production cost while maximizing out put togethers and profit. Sony Ericsson has kept at all stages in production at low cost while maintaining quality and variety with sophisticated features (camera, video recording, and web browser). Also expend in new products and modern engineering science has been the spirit behind the success of Sony Ericsson in many occasions. Effectiveness, on the other hand, is seen by its ability to produce phones that people want to buy. At one point, the continuous add-on in the boodle of Sony Ericsson has been due to increase in demand on its phones which has resulted in much than sales compared to other years. Sony Ericsson has divided its market into different groups of buyers and sellers. many of the main segments are those who seek phones for value and those seeking sophisticated features like video recording, internet and mp3. Sony Ericsson has always sought to create pleasure and fun in its phones with the aim of providing customers satisfaction and value to its products. This is why it keeps developing new features like the touch screen, slides and internet facilities.Sony Ericsson has always strived to remain the market leader in the phone industry and to beat a competitive transit over its competitors like Nokia and Samsung. This is why after making huge losings of over $10 000 it came up with the new walkman and cyber-shot phones in 2005 and maintained low prices which generated revenues of $31 687.2 million with a net income of $1 769.5 million. It has always put its customers in first position in all its marketing strategies. A typical model to show its marketing orientation can be shown infraMarketing orientation entails creating goods and services that will satisfy the need of your customers and continuously researching into better ways of doing so and making sure this operation has a collateral impact on the goals of the company (Uncles 2000 1).The growing importance of marketing orientation today is seen as firms try to configuration long lasting relationships with their customer. Firms now produce what the market demands not fitting producing with the believe that whatever they manufacture consumers will buy. Firms now use customer strategical marketing which is a process whereby they try to optimise revenue and profits while satisfying their needs (Dean et al. 2009).2.3 Production OrientationSony Ericsson produces mobile phones and most(prenominal) of the production is centered in china, India and Britain. Third of the production is in China and India as the cost of production in these countries is lower than in the unify Kingdom and Sweden where its research and development office is found. The company is efficient in production and so tries to minimise production cost. In 2008, it reduced its lop force by 2000 employees and consultants in and rem ains competitive in this industry which is very dynamic. Sony Ericsson produces phones (talk and text, camera, web and email, touch phones, medicine and games) and mobile accessories (head phones, battery charger, music transmitters and cables, car holders, Bluetooth headset, phone cases). These phones are designed in different sizes, styles and shapes. Besides, the company focuses its production of mobile phones based on the current market needs. final stage year due to the global cry for climate change, it has launched the Go thou Heart Sony Ericsson phone. This shows that the company invests in the production of products that match with current needs of the population. (Sony Ericsson 2009).2.4 Sales Orientation Sony Ericsson has witnessed quick increases in revenue due to change magnitude sales. It initially started trading operations in Britain, China, India and Sweden, hardly today it has expanded its market to over eighty one countries. Despite the recent recession that lead to reduction in profits, Sony Ericsson has embarked on sales promotions, aggressive and persuasive TV and Internet advertisement and sales promotion and reasonable prices of its products. Most of its adverts have had positive impacts. For example, when it launched the Walkman in 2005, there was a rapid increase in demand and high sales were record. Their major buyers are mobile communication firms and independent retailers. Over the years they have experienced increases in their sales and net revenue, yet lost market share. This can be seen infraYears2005200620072008Net Sales (SEK Million)7,26810,95999,12912,916Net Profit (EK Million)3509971,1141 769.5 artificial lake Sony Ericsson Company Research2.5 Sony Ericsson Group OperationSony Ericsson has different telecommunication through firms like other companies such as O persist, T-Mobile and MTN which carry out sales promotions and this strategy has off. With it launching of online sales it has increased sales as retailers can smudge their commands online and receive their goods wherever they are located. The access up of the determine strategy in 2007 was Sony Ericsson introduced reasonably priced phones with fewer functions equally lead to rapid penetration of the markets especially in Africa.2.6 Evaluation and RecommendationSony Ericsson has a positive product and production orientation. This has given it a competitive edge in the market as it always finds new ways and rules of innovation in the mobile phone industry. Its effort in this line has placed it in a supreme position most of time. However it still has to work more on the area of developing phone and accessories. Most of its accessories are not strong as a lot of customers have make negative complaints regarding their durability. The industry has however reacted to this by offering guarantees to customers who purchase its walkman and cyber shot phones. This step nevertheless seems unfair to other consumers who do not get any warranty when purchasing the company other low quality phones (Strategic Direction 2004).As regarding marketing and sales, a lot has to be improved .This is because despite its recent downsizing in labour force with the aim of cutting down cost and maximising profits, the company has still recorded recent losses in the fourth quarter of 2009 (BBC 2010) of 167 million Euro from 187million Euro in the previous year. Sales in this same period fell by 40%. Sony Ericsson has been suffering from lower sales due to failures in their marketing team. A lot of improvements should be carried out to bust sales and profits. The company overall is doing well needs an extra force o conflagrate its sales and profit margins.3.0 Competitive AdvantageAn advantage over competitors gained by offering greater customer value, either through lower process or by providing more benefits more benefits that justify higher prices (Armstrong and Kotler 2009218).Sony Ericsson can be accredited for its innovation. Whether by T68i, the First GSM/GPRS enabled colour screen Handset, Bluetooth applied science for file transfer or hand free and later with medicament and Loud Speakers or high-pitched Mega Pixel Mobile Camera. At one time, Sony Ericsson Held the second largest market as a phone manufacturer in Europe. Below graph shows its market share of 20% which is quite predominate (Mintel 2010).Handset Market Share in Europe, November 2009One of the main strengths of Sony Ericsson is diverseness (Sony Ericsson 2010) and mapping this to the Poters Three Generic Strategies theory we feed the following Stuck In the Middle situation for Sony Ericsson.Competitive Advantage (Porter 1985)Turning this problem into opportunity, it is an advantage for Sony Ericsson to be in that situation, as it enables it to serve the vast mobile consumer market over competitors and the serve the three competitive advantages of Cost, differentiation and focus.3.1 Cost leadershipTo achieve cost Leadership Sony Ericsson has cause low cost producers in mobile industry as compared to others offering the same mobile features and quality. Sony Ericsson prices are quite competitive and are available for big as well as small pockets.Brand0-2021-4041-100100TotalNokia446721Sony Ericsson138719Samsung126413LG358Availability of pay as you go phones, by brand and price, December 2009 Source MintelAnalyzing the above data it clearly specifies that Sony Ericsson have competitive numbers of handsets in all ranges. This helps Sony Ericsson customer base to be 20% and growing continuously.3.2 DifferentiationFrom day one Sony Ericssons focus has been on Music functionality or camera. At early times when camera phones were just launched, the brand gave the feature to take, send and receive pictures quickly as cameras. akin for the Music Player, its Walkman Series had a dedicated button to allow geological fault between mobile and music functionality.Mixing the competitive price and leads in terms of multimedia usage ac ross the handset brands (listed in the below table) makes Sony Ericsson so popular among youth (Mintel 2010).Total%Nokia %Sony Ericsson %Samsung %Motorolla %Bluetooth4642625335Camera less than 5 megapixel4336554650Music player3729584616Games3632494133Video recorder3427514122Video player3024453720Web browser2825383320Radio252541276Camera 5 megapixels or more2120252914Fast web browsing eg 3G171921146Email161617158Touchscreen11511173IM chat eg Instant messenger10111183Wi-Fi9111162GPS/Sat-Nav710441QWERTY keyboard64542Ability to open Word Documents66532Ability to open PDF documents66431Ability to open Excel documents55422Source (Mintel Oxygen, 2010), Based on 2,000 Internet users aged 16+. Sony Ericsson had product of handset (included pay as you go and contract) owned by facilities on mobile used, October 2008.3.3 taperFocus strategy is to be successful the organization must understand segments thoroughly how their needs are changing and what range to offer. If Sony Ericsson doesnt serve the segment more effectively than competitors, then it will be in a little position (Brassington and Pettitt, 2006 972).Sony Ericsson obviously is the under-25s preferred handset (Mintel 2010). The features such as High Mega Pixel Camera and music Players are symptomatic of entertainment and function-hungry young market and these features are highly substitutable. Also Sony-Ericsson younger users perceive its user interface as easier to use in connection to the features of their key interest.Although, the risk of operating in this segment is that this segment might fluctuate widely on the short run depending on fashion trends, Sony Ericsson market share whitethorn fairly remain same, Other possible affright is that this might be undetermined by competition (Brassington and Pettitt, 2006 973).For Complete understanding of the Sony Ericsson competitive advantages, Poters tail fin Forces of competitive advantages have further been used. According to the Porter, the state of c ompetition in an industry depends on five basics competitive forces the collective strengths of these forces ascertain the ultimate profile potential of the industry and the ability of firm in an industry to earn rates of return on investment in access of the cost of capital (Poter 1985).The five forces are as Follows active Competitive rivalry between players. Barging power of buyers. curse of new market entrance. Bargaining powers of suppliers. holy terror of Substitute products. These five forces for Sony Ericsson is shown in the below figure. Porters 5 Force Model for Sony Ericsson.3.3.1 Existing Competitive Rivalry among PlayersSony Ericsson sustains the competition heart and soul Nokia, Motorola, LG, Samsung, etc because of its Innovation strengths. This enables it to enjoy the total market share of 20%. To reach this figure, Sony Ericsson contumaciously needs to maintain its engineering as well and its competitive cost base to attract more customers.Also, the increase in social networking should be maintained, Sony Ericsson have already targeted most of them such as Facebook, Twiter and Myspace, as they are the current attracters and give a competitive edge.In current market trends, there is a big increase in the smart phone users and to cope up with the trend. In 2009, Sony Ericsson largely focused on the high-end segment of the market with the launch of Satio, Aino, W995 and Yari ranges. The Satio is a touch-screen with a 12MP camera and a Walkman the Aino provides access to media content from a PlayStation3 console while on the actuate and the Yari has a Nintendo Wii-like sensor for gaming (Mintel 2010).3.3.2 Bargaining Powers of BuyersThe degree which consumers can trance the demand is referred as bargaining power (Jobbar 2010). Sony Ericsson offers its customers a big range of handsets at competitive price to satisfy the vast mobile consumer market which are from basic phone users to top end latest technology buyers. This expands the market base for them not just within Europe but also enables them to serve this vast range in unlike economies.3.3.3 Threat of new market EntranceNew Entry means new rival that in turn means increased competition. Sony Ericsson need to be aware of all the big and small companies entering in various global locations into the mobile phone industry as the Sony Ericsson deals with all rang of handsets. true barriers should be put to inhibit new entrants. As Mobile market is very competitive the new entry and its survival is quite wash until as unless its a well know brand and good technology as what Apples iPhone did to the market share of smart phone of Sony Ericsson and other brands (Schenker 2007). The threat of new entrants to Sony Ericsson is quite low because of its established brand value and quality.3.3.4 Threat of Substitute ProductsThis is the ability of your customers to find an alternative way of doing what you do. As furthest as near future is concerned, an substitute of mobil e handsets cant be think of, so Sony Ericson need not to worry about this threat but it needs to be open for viewing the new technologies coming in for communication so that it can incorporate in new models.3.3.5 Bargaining Power of Suppliers The bargaining power of suppliers can also be described as the market of inputs. Suppliers of raw materials, components, labor, and services can become power over the firm if there are few substitutes.Since the start of Sony Ericsson in 2001, it operates under a corporate social responsibility code. Sony Ericsson insists to only works with suppliers who meet required stringent. This helps employees to make ethically correct decisions. Influencing product development and improvement from a CSR and environmental perspectives in the supply arrange, which is a key reason in reaching industry leadership as well as compliance with those requirements. Also, entirely Sony Ericsson suppliers go under sagaciousness to meet compliance with CSR and env ironmental requirements. These assessments prove that suppliers have procedures within place to control their supply chain (Sony Ericsson 2010).In this ways Sony Ericsson has developed inscription from its suppliers and being a main market player, it has the power of looking at different suppliers in tough times.3.4 Value ChainIts a method for locating superior skills and resources. All firms consist of set of activities that are conducted during product lifecycle, they are design, manufacture, market, distribute and after sales service for its products. The value chain categorizes them into support and primary activities (Jobber 2010 787). The value chain (Jobber 2006 788)Product differentiation defiantly provides competitive advantage, but on the other hand it also tends to increase the complexity, which increases supply chain risk. The challenge manufacturers face is making the correct trade-off decision among the two. Sony Ericsson deals with this by deeply analyzing the total supply chain effect at various stages of design strategies (AMRresearch 2010) this might be internal or external to the organisation.Sony Ericsson has a tie up with ATCLE in US for furtherance and final manufacturing touch until the products arrive in Texas with ATCLEs distribution Center. This gives Sony Ericsson two advantagesIt gave them positive trade-off of cost benefit in transporting packed product from Asia compared to ATCLEs charges for assembling. This also gave them the opportunity of finally customizing the product in Dallas closer to the customer as per their desire. (SupplyChainBrain 2010). Similarly, the tie up of Sony Ericsson with Ingram for its nationwide sales and distribution in India brought a value addition to the company. (Kanter J 2009)Building up of the high quality of value chain makes Sony Ericsson more probable by customers because they get better service quality across the globe and it also concentrate more on the product and quality it is developing.S ony Ericsson certainly has a competitive advantage over its rivals because of its strong Value chain within the various operations without the organization and outside across the globe. 4.0 Marketing MixDiffusion of a product depends on its positioning. It includes complexity, differential advantage, divisibility, compatibility with customers values, i.e. life style, experiences and behaviours, and communicability (Jobber 2010384-409). Companies should be careful in choosing the target market and showing the differential advantage the product has. This could be achieved by a combination of successful brand naming, image, service, design, guarantees, packaging and delivery. All of those mentioned are included in the four marketing mix material which will be discussed in this section (Jobber 2010311).4.1 ProductProduct is a crucial part of the marketing mix its the element that the company starts to build and shape its identity and most importantly generates profit. All companies hav e products, whether genuine or intangible, but what differentiates their products from each other is the branding itself. Branding includes choosing a name, creating a design, insuring quality and the line of products. Positioning is created out of those elements, bearing in mind that they, together, should be clear in the message they deliver, credible, consistent and competitive.These elements append the perceived value and performance of customers. It is also a barrier to rivals, gain for high profits and base for brand extension, quality certification and presumption (Jobber 2010305). We are going to discuss those important elements with reference to Sony Ericsson Company.4.1.1 Brand put forwardDeveloping a distinctive name for the brand differentiates and distinguishes it from other products in the market. Brand naming should evoke positive emotions, be easy to think about and pronounce and suggest the benefit of the product (Jobber 2010 319-320). Sony Ericsson always uses prestigious names for its brands that suggest sophistication and smoothness, like its newest mobiles Xperia, Xperia X10 and Vivaz. They are easy to remember and they advance a kind of excitement for the customer to be introduced to those products. Also the company uses alphanumeric when naming its brands to emphasize technology which expand its targeted customers. Sony Ericsson choice of names is very successful when compared to other mobile names like Nokia 7230, Motorola Dext the author combines the two essential elements of simplicity and technology.Another important aspect of brand naming is the brand heritage (Jobber 2010315) it adds value to the positioning of the brand in the market. When looking at Sony Eri

Relationship Between Food And Society Media Essay

Relationship Between pabulum And Society Media EssayIntroductionFood is any substance containing nutrients, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, that fuck be ingested by a donjon being and metabolized into brawniness and remains tissue. ( nourishment- definition of nutrition by free dictionary)It is angiotensin converting enzyme of the most important thing desireed by human body to survive.It is one(a) of the important basic needs of human.One fecal matternot survive without having fodder.United Kingdom(UK) is a rural argona with distinguishable farming.In UK we can find population from all roughly the gentleman.So we can find the multi pagan nature of nutrition and befuddle oer here.The feeding and confuseing use of the populate are influenced by discordant factors such as cultural, geographical and historical influences.As the meter changes the consumeing and drinking exercise of sight wish wellwise chang es.The up-to-the-minute vogues carry on the manner peck fertilise and drink.The trends in intellectual nourishment and drink white plague whitethorn differ from do to bug out.Thus there is an integrating relationship surrounded by the nutrient, party and culture.Relationship between food and societyThere are different determi naants of basic fertilise habits.Some of them are biological, economical, physical, social etc.The biological determinants are hunger, desire to release etc.People cancel out in society to satisfy their hunger and imputable to desire of have food.Another determinant is physical needs.Physical needs are akin education, cooking skills, availability of clip to cook etc.If people know how to cook and even up time to cook they eat the food.If they are well educated they eat the alimentary food and fit diet.Similary another determinant is social needs such as cultural influences, influences of people living around etc.They eat agree to the culture they belong to and also according to the people they live nearby.Abraham Maslow brought frontwards a Maslows Hierarchy of needs which determines the physical needs,safety needs,social needs, self-importance esteem and self actualisation.Maslow theory suggest that the basic need of human is food, water etc.After self-colou redness the basic needs it is human nature to want for more than so they contract the sense of security.So they want the safety needs to be fulfilled.In this mood they move up in the hierarchy fulfilling one need afterward the other thus achieiving the maximum level of hierarchy i.e. self actualisation.In order to understand the complex relationship between the food and society it requires a multi-disciplinary approach.The eating and drinking habits of people depends upon the society.People usually scarper to eat the food which they are familiar with.The culture is the main dominant of the way people eat.The food which can be eaten in one religion may get offended in the other.So we need to take grapple of the potential religious and spiritual connotations in order to prevent acquire offended.We need to know more somewhat the society where we live so as to maximise the offering we may provide to it.If we have the experience of the society then we can have improved customer service, strong menu planning, knowledge of the religious and spiritual connotations, fulfillment of customer requirements and expectations etc.Due to people from different backgrounds living in uk we can have diversity of culture.Therefore, we can take the advantage of what people eat during such festivities.Current influences on societies eating and drinking habitsUnited Kingdom is made up of four-spot nations i.e. England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.As it is made up of four nations we can imagine how diverse is culture over here. There are numerous influences on the flow rate eating and drinking habits in the society.Cultural influence s can actualize difference in the consumption of the food and drink.Most people eating habits are inspired by the eating habits of the local people in that place.The eating and drinking habit of people in UK are influenced by unhomogeneous factors such as feverous lifestyle, climate, seasonal availability, age group, health issues, budget, advertisements and promotions of food and drinks through media, current market trends, cultural backgrounds,religious issues, awareness of health, influences of abroad, legislation etc.The current influences on food and drink in UK are mainly influenced by above mentioned factors. feverous lifestyle is the main factor which influences the eating and drinking habits of people in UK.People are mainly busy and do not have time to cook for them properly.Thats why they eat fast food or the lively to eat meals.Climate is also another important factor for the people living in UK.The climate over here is very dusty during the winter.Snowfall takes pl ace at the winter so climate is very mothy.So people run for to eat more hot foods like soup, coffee etc.Seasonal availability is also another factor be stool all the foods are not available end-to-end the season like strawberries.People in Uk love to eat strawberries and it is available yet for few months.It is also influenced by the advertisements and promotions done at the tv, radio, newspaper etc.Mainly the footling children are more influenced by the advertisements at the media.Moreover, the cultural backgrounds and the religious issues also play an important role.We can find people from various culture and religious backgrounds.For e.g. Muslims they dont eat pork and any items related to it.On the other extend to Hindus they dont eat beef.So there are big taboos over here.Budgetary constraints is also one of the important factor which influence the eating habits.We can find noble income people, middle class people and lower level.So the money spend by the people on the food depends upon the class of people.Geographical and historical influences on multi-cultural nature of food and drinkIn UK we can find people from all around the world.So we can find multi cultural nature of food and drinking habits.There are geographical and historical influence on the multi cultural nature of food and drink. Britain is an island country and the surrounding sea gives England a change climate.The main influence on the climate of is our close proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, our northern latitude, and the warming of the waters around the land by the disconnect Stream (a warm current of the northern Atlantic Ocean). (climate and temperature britain).Britain has very cold winter and mild summer.Therefore people in UK tend to eat more hot foods like soup and drink more coffees and teas.Britain has also a long historical background for the food and drink.British cuisine has always been multicultural, a pot pourri of eclectic styles. In ancient times influenced by the Romans and in medieval times the French. When the Frankish Normans invaded, they brought with them the spices of the easterly cinnamon, saffron, mace, nutmeg, pepper, ginger. Sugar came to England at that time, and was considered a spice- rare and expensive. (British Food- British culture, customs and traditions).British cuisines started to take a new get wind after the 1980s.British food are inspired by the French and the Romans.The east india company also brought scantily about traditional indian cuisine which is largely renowned as curry.Today we can find the different dishes such as chinese, indian, italian, greek , spanish etc which explains the multi cultural nature of food and drink in the UK.It represents the ethnic diversity which influences the way people eat or drink.The British food was not considered as good like this before 30 years ago.But now the modern british cuisine inspired by the european countries is considered one of the best cuisine in the world on with the best chefs and the renowned restaurants.There are also different logistics regarding the food.People eat the food that is easily accessible or that is locally available to them.For e.g. people living in the coastal areas tend to eat more seafood whereas landlocked people eat more red meats.Those eating seafood will have the maximum consumption of white wine whereas the red meat goes with the red wine.The legislation of the country also restrict the production of certain food.The innate climate is also one of the factor that determines the way people eat.In cold places people prefer to eat soups, coffee etc whereas in the hot countries they tend to drink cold drinks, cold coffee etc.Moreover different ethical considerations like whether to eat whale, elephant ,dolphin, dogs, cats etc or not is also one of the logistics.Similarly, alcohol may also be considered as a drug by some people.Analysing menu of an organisation in association and relationship with food drinkI would lik e to take menu of theThe caf restaurant of Ibis hotel Heathrow.There are plenty of guest coming from different countries to Ibis for stay.So, we can find guest from different cultural diversity.According to the Appendix 1 the menu of The caf restaurant focus on the people from all cultural diversity.The restaurant is situated in the core group of london so we can find the people from different countries.Therefore, due to the multicultural diversity the menu is not focusing on a particular group.There are different accompaniments of food and drink.Accompaniments are such type of food which are served together with the main dishes.There are various accompaniments given in the restaurant such as bread and butter,beef with horseradish root sauce, roast lamb served with mint sauce, fish served with lemon and tartare sauce , steaks served with black pepper or bearnaise sauce, Gammon served with apple sauce, , curry served with rice or nan bread, pasta served with grated cheese, dessert s served with whipped cream or custard,cheese and biscuits etc.Usually these are the things which goes together with each other.One of the in style(p) trend in UK for the food and drink combination is Beer and curry.The food trend in UK especially in london is changing since past few years due to the various cultural influences.Not only the food there are different accompaniments for the drink as well.There are various type of drink which are taken with some other things like gin and unused with slice of lemon, whisky with coke, white wine with lemonade(sprintzer), tonic water with lemon etc.These are the drinks that are served with the accompaniments.Some of the food is very best-selling(predicate) among the people of London.Influence of developing trends in food and drink consumptionUK food and drink consumption is changing since past few years.People are interested towards organic food and the genetically modified food.Genetically modified (GM) foods are foods derived from gen etically modified organisms. Genetically modified organisms have had specific changes introduced into their desoxyribonucleic acid by genetic engineering.(wikipedia)People are being more conscious about what they eat.They are more attracted to the thinking(a) food.Despite of their hectic lifestyle they try to eat the healthy foods.There are various trends in regard to food and drink consumption.The trends of organic foods, ready to eat meals, energy drinks, smoothies etc have increased recently.The food and meat grown at local level, wine and beer made locally,nutritionally balanced food, cuisines from the regional ethnic backgrounds, cocktails, mocktails, flavoured water ,branded food etc are the food which are mostly consumed by the people.Moreover, taste has also become a major(ip) choice for people to eat.They tend to eat the food which has good look and texture.The organic food has become the choice for the people.They try to acquire the food that is grown naturally without using any chemicals.Moreover, they also try to buy the branded food like Marks Spencer, Waitrose etc.They are more influenced by the fruits and vegetables that are grown locally.Similarly they are also interested in newly cut and fresh meats.They have started taking more healthier options of food.Nutritious and the healthy food are their main priorities.Ready to eat meals is also one of the best-selling(predicate) trend in UK.People have a busy schedule over here thats why they are inclined to ready to eat meals.They just reheat it in a microwave for few minutes and have it.It saves their time and effort.But we cannot guarantee for the nutrition of such foods.Such meals are ready to make but cannot have all the nutrients needed by the body.So we need to pay attention towards our health as well.Ethical issuesThere are also various ethical issues in the food industry.For e.g killing of animals for the purpose of fulfilling the need of human, catching of fish that are very rare whic h can cause harm to the other sea creatures , making of a foie grass by feeding the geese forcefully, slaughtering of animals etc. (Bernard davis, 2008)The animals and other creatures are killed mercilessly in order to fulfill the basic eating habits of man.Thus, the ethical issues should be addressed conservatively in order to have balance and harmony in the environment. goalIn UK we can find people from all over the world and variety of cuisines which represents the multi cultural nature of food and drink.There are various factors which affect the nature of food and drink in UK.They are cultural, religious, geographical, historical etc.The food which is eaten by people of one ethnic origin may be the taboos for other religion.They may get offended due to the food.There are many influences in the eating and driking habits of the people.Some of the influences are budget, availability of the food round the year, hectic lifestyle, health awareness, age groups etc.People are also adop ting current trends in their eating and drinking habits such as organic foods, ready to eat meals, energy and sport drinks, smoothies etc.Mostly the new generation like to be trendy by adopting the new trends of the society.As the time is changing the eating and drinking habits of the people around the UK is also changing constantly.Thus, the expectations of having quality food and health awareness of the people has also increased significantly in past few years.The caf transportationSoups - Soup of the day 3.50Starters- Caesar salad 5.45Potato skins with bacon and cheese 6.10Garlic breaded mushrooms 4.95Feta, olive and tomato salad 4.50Marinated greek olives 5.00Main course- Chicken penne pasta 7.95Chicken kebab thai noodle salad 8.50Malaysian beef cattle Rendang 7.95Chicken tikka Masala 8.50Beef Burger 8.50Beef fillet 13.95Beer battered cod and chips 8.50Spinach, button and squash risotto 7.00Salmon, tuna and red snapper 9.00Dessert- Chocolate fondant 4.50Ice cream cream 3.50 Strawberry tart 4.95Toffee apple sponge 4.00