What Are Loanwords and Where Are Some Examples

In lexicology, a  loanword  (also spelled loan word) is a word  (or lexeme) imported into one language from another language. These words are also called a borrowed word  or a borrowing. The term loanword, from the German Lehnwort, is an example of a calque or loan translation. The terms loanword and borrowing are, at best, imprecise. As countless linguists have pointed out,  its extremely unlikely that a borrowed word will ever be returned to the donor language. Over the past 1,500 years, English has adopted words from more than 300 other languages. Loanwords make up a huge proportion of the words in any large dictionary of English, notes Philip Durkin in Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. They also ï ¬ gure largely in the language of everyday communication and some are found even among the most basic vocabulary of English. Examples and Observations Geoffrey Hughes A threefold distinction derived from German is applied by scholars to loan words on the basis of their degree of assimilation in the new host language. A Gastwort (guest word) retains its original pronunciation, spelling, and meaning. Examples are passà © from French, diva from Italian, and leitmotiv from German. A Fremdwort (foreign word) has undergone partial assimilation, as have French garage and hotel. Garage has developed a secondary, Anglicized pronunciation (garrij) and can be used as a verb; hotel, originally pronounced with a silent h, as the older formulation an hotel shows, has for some time been pronounced like an English word, with the h being sounded. Finally, a Lehnwort (loan word) has become a virtual native in the new language with no distinguishing characteristics. Loan word is thus an example of itself. Lyle Campbell [One] reason why words are taken over from another language is for prestige, because the foreign term for some reason is highly esteemed. Borrowings for prestige are sometimes called luxury loans. For example, English could have done perfectly well with only native terms for pig flesh/pig meat and cow flesh/cow meat, but for reasons of prestige, pork (from French porc) and beef (from French boeuf) were borrowed, as well as many other terms of cuisine from French—cuisine itself is from French cuisine kitchen—because French had more social status and was considered more prestigious than English during the period of Norman French dominance in England (1066-1300). Philip Durkin Among Spanish  loanwords that are  likely to be used by most speakers of contemporary English without particular consciousness of their Spanish origin, and certainly not with reference only to Spanish-speaking cultures, are: machete (1575), mosquito (1572), tobacco (1577), anchovy (1582), plantain type of banana (1582; 1555 as platano), alligator (1591); earlier lagarto)..., (probably) cockroach (1624), guitar (a. 1637, perhaps via French), castanet (1647; perhaps via French), cargo (1657), plaza (1673), jerk to cure (meat) (1707), flotilla (1711), demarcation (1728; perhaps via French), aficionado (1802), dengue (1828; the ulterior etymology is uncertain), canyon (1837), bonanza (1844), tuna (1881), oregano (1889). Today English borrows words from other languages with a truly global reach. Some examples that the Oxford English Dictionary suggests entered English during the past 30 years include  tarka dal, a creamy Indian lentil dish (1984, from Hindi),  quinzhee,  a type of snow shelter (1984, from Slave or another language of the Pacific Coast of North America),  popiah, a type of Singaporean or Malaysian spring roll (1986, from Malay),  izakaya, a type of Japanese bar serving food (1987),  affogato, an Italian dessert made of ice cream and coffee (1992)... Some words slowly build up in frequency. For instance, the word  sushi  [from Japanese]  is first recorded in English in the 1890s, but the earliest examples in print all feel the need to explain what sushi is, and it is only in recent decades that it has become ubiquitous, as sushi has spread along the high street and into supermarket chiller cabinets in most corners of the English-speaking world. But, commonplace though sushi may be today, it hasnt made its way into the inner core of English in the same way as words like  peace,  war,  just, or  very  (from French) or  leg,  sky,  take, or  they  (from Scandinavian languages). Francis Katamba By using a particular language,  bilingual speakers may be saying something about how they perceive themselves and how they wish to relate to their interlocutor. For instance, if a patient initiates an exchange with a doctor in the doctors surgery in Yiddish, that may be a signal of solidarity, saying: you and I are members of the same sub-group. Alternatively, rather than choosing between languages, these two people may prefer code-switching. They may produce sentences which are partly in English and partly in Yiddish. If foreign words are used habitually in code-switching, they may pass from one language into another and eventually become fully integrated and cease being regarded as foreign. That is probably how words like chutzpah (brazen impudence), schlemiel (a very clumsy, bungling idiot who is always a victim), schmaltz (cloying, banal sentimentality) and goyim (gentile) passed from Yiddish into (American) English. The fact that there is no elegant English equivalent to thes e Yiddish words was no doubt also a factor in their adoption. Kerry Maxwell A tongue-in-cheek alternative to ringxiety is fauxcellarm, an ingenious blend of the French loan word faux, meaning ‘false,’ cell, from cellphone, and alarm, which when spoken out loud sounds similar to ‘false alarm.’ Sources: Philip Durkin, Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English, 2014Geoffrey Hughes,  A History of English Words. Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, 2000Lyle Campbell,  Historical Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd ed. MIT Press, 2004Philip Durkin, Does English Still Borrow Words From Other Languages?  BBC News, February 3, 2014Francis Katamba,  English Words: Structure, History, Usage, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2005Kerry Maxwell, Word of the Week. Macmillan English Dictionary, February 2007

My Classroom / Learning Style - 1403 Words

Teaching, both as a teacher and as a student, has changed drastically over the years. Even as a student for the past 16 years of my life, I have found that even my classroom / learning style has developed as I age. Not only has my learning style changed, but the way that teachers teach has evolved over time. On another personal note, within my student observation classroom, I spoke with my cooperating teacher about her varying teaching style and how she incorporates all types of learning across various subject areas. Ms. F mentioned that she has had to change the way she teaches a variety of times depending on the learning capabilities of her students. Much like the psychologists and theorists of the past, Ms. F has come to base her†¦show more content†¦When the behavioral way of teaching falters, teachers have found that the sociocultural and constructivist ways of teaching can help pick up the slack. â€Å"These theories inform many teachers who believe it is their job to help ALL students develop the intelligence, understanding, and problem solving skills necessary to fil important roles in a diverse and democratic society† (Oakes, 163). Since the 1960s, researchers have come to find that learning is actually an active experience. This means that in order to learn, students must interact with others in order to make sense and comprehend the material. They can take their experiences from the outside world and use them to their advantage, by relating them to things they learn in the classroom. Theorists Piaget and Vygotsky prided themselves in their understanding of how childhood learning in is in direct correlation with how children develop cognitively. This was revolutionary Sociocultural and constructivist theories place inclusive principles at the center of their learning. These theories also encourage a broader view of culture and suggest that teachers have a powerful role in providing all their students with opportunities (Oakes, 167). Encouraging a broader view comes with advantages and disadvantages. Firstly, there are numerous ways that an educator can incorporate a sociocultural environment into the classroom. For example, treating differences as assets, setting highShow MoreRelatedTeaching And Classroom Management Styles976 Words   |  4 PagesWhen I took the surveys, I surprised to see how even-keeled my teaching and classroom management styles were. 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I am excited to be engaged in a future career where I can implement my own beliefs and mold the future into something extremely positive. I believe the most important aspects that I want to bring to my students are threefold: I want to educate, motivate, and inspire. In order to have a productive learning environment where I will be able to educate my students, many different factors

Opinions And Social Pressure Influences On Human Behaviour

Questions: Aim: To appreciate the impact of social influences on human behaviour Scenario: You are an occupational psychologist who has been asked to improve staff productivity and compliance to legislation in a hospital setting. At this hospital staff do not follow the official code of conduct. Six months ago a very high status manager was employed to fix the problem. The manager was concerned about the length of time, for instance, it was taking staff to see patients and mindful of the fact that should this pattern continue, the Care Quality Commission may impose special measures against the hospital. To address this immediate concern, the manager stated that staff should not wait for a doctor to sign paperwork before attending to patients. Since then new members of staff have been recruited to ease the workload on staff. The new members of staff are following the actions of previous staff members rather than the code of conduct. Task : (1) Using your knowledge of social influence, critically explain the behaviour of staff members working at the hospital, making reference to research throughout. (2) Critically suggest and reflect on guidance (recommendations) to the Hospital Board of Governors on how to improve the situation. Answers: The behavior of staff in relation to psychological research The aim of the essay is to appreciate the impact of the Social influences on the human behavior. As a psychologist, my first aim will be studying the behavior of staff. Once the evaluation is made, finding the solution will be easier. This is such a hospital where the staff members are disobedient. Unlike other hospitals, here the staffs are stubborn and do not follow the official code of conduct. But, let us take a look at what the staff members have to say. Even they have dissatisfaction regarding the hospital authority and the system is taking place within the hospital environment. (Bizfilings Team, 2012) After speaking to some of the staff members, I found out that, there is a big issue related to documentation within the hospital environment. Paper signing before meeting doctor is an issue. Thus, staffs are blamed and they cannot reach the patients to the doctor on priority. The hospital authority has recruited the new staff members so that the previous employees can get some ease. But, the problem still continues after their deployment. Even the new staff members have started following the footsteps of the old ones by disobeying the code of conduct. (Asch, 1955) Definitions of Key Psychological Concepts Psychology is a study of human mind along with its complexity and function. The behavior of a human can affect the environment where he is staying. This is the study of understanding the mental state of an individual or a group with general principles and research. Psychologists have the ability of understanding the mental function and social behavior of individuals. With regards to cognitive functions and behaviors, they pass effect on both psychological and biological processes. With the study of psychology, it is a need to explore the concept of brain function, emotion, perception, intelligence, cognition, personality etc. (Integrated ociopsychology Team, 2013) Studies- Popular social influence studies include Asch, Milgram, Crutchfield, Sherif, Hofling, Zimbardo Social influence study of Solomon E. Asch Social influence on an individual or a group can be found out through an experiment conducted by Asch. Here, you can assume yourself to be one of the candidates while running psychological experiments. You along with 7 more people are asked to sit in a small room for the experiment. This experiment will give the result of visual judgment of people. Here, two cards are placed in front of your eyes. The one at the left hand side has a single vertical line. The card placed at the right is having three lines with different length named as A, B and C. Now, all of you sitting in the room have to find out the line in right side card which has the same length with vertical line in the left hand side. Some individuals would choose one line, whereas others would give a different answer. As per your perception, one group or an individual is wrong. But, if your thought does not match with the majority, what will you do? Will you trust your judgment or will go with the majority? In many cases it has been found out that people go with the majority even if he/she is aware of right answers. According to the psychologists, Solomon Asch, this is the physiological pressure from people which affects the right perception. (Asch Stanley Milgram, 1958) Social influence study of Milgram In Milgrams social influence experiment 40 males were chosen. They were between 20-50 years of age. They were assigned jobs that range from unskilled till professional. The amount paid to them was $ 4.50 in the year 1963. Milgram also included a learner and a teacher in an experiment. Two rooms were used, one for learner and the other one for the teacher. The learner was provided with the electric chair and the teacher was given electric shock. After the shock, he was asked to recall his partner with four choices. With every electric shock, the learner gave wrong answer. But the teacher refused to take electric shock. But, 65% of the teacher continues with the highest level of 450 volts. (McLeod, 2007) Milgram concluded that lower level or lower level do follow the orders, even when they are in the extent of killing themselves. They are obedient. But the authority of higher level saves their skin. Social influence study of Zimbardo The popular economist conducted an experiment on prison. Here the subjects were asked to play roles of prisoners and guard. The guards so formed were given glasses and sticks. But the individuals playing the role of prisoners were arrested by the police department. They were forced to wear prisoners garment and chains. They were then transferred to the basement of the Standford psychology department that resembles jail. This gave rise to the progressiveness of the guard with sadistic nature. There were riots and many of the subjects were hurt. This experiment proved human response to captivity with social influence. Along with the captivity, the experiment also proved obedience and impressionability of people with the support of social institution and legitimate ideology. Critical discussion of the theory As it is defined above that there are three theories which are propounded for the solving the psychological aspects and the perspectives. All the three theories directly and indirectly support the fact that to manage the social aspects, it is essential to follow the rules related to the obedience. To follow the aspects related to the obedience, it is essential to follow the suitable rules and the policies. This is considered in the favor of the theory. But there are some negative aspects too which works against the theory. The theory of Zimbardo suggests that there are chances of the riots and conflicts are becoming very common. Whereas, in Milgram it is defined that though they follow the junior staff is following the rules, but the seniors are misusing the position they hold. This negative aspect also creates the negative influence on the processing of the process in the hospital. Recommendations Since the disobedient staff members in hospital are creating complexity in the environment, there must be someone or a group that handles staff problem and their well-being. The Human Resource department should be established by a qualified HR manager and specialists to handle the staff members one by one. If their wants are legitimate, hospital management must support them. But if staffs make trouble purposely, disciplinary action must be taken against them. The hospital authority must start with the termination of the old staff. After viewing this, the new staff members may change their attitude and cooperate with the administration. But, even if the other staffs behave in the similar way, its better to terminate entire bunch with the show cause and disciplinary norm. The new recruited staff bunch will be much more cooperative and will abide with the rules and regulation of the organization. After observing the complete scenario thoroughly it is also recommended that the appropriate paperwork is essential to carry. By this paperwork, the actual condition of the patients will be determined and no space for the arguments will be left. The use of the different types of the theories in the analysis also helps a lot in determining the aspect related to the scenario. It is also recommended that to identify the psychological and biological aspects, it is essential to treat the patients on the emotional level, so that it becomes easier to ident ify these issues and to console them may also become easy. Conclusion Succinct policy is always important to assist employers who deal with the insubordination issues. Insubordination is an issue faced in most of the organizations. Here, the employees purposely disobey with the legitimate directives of superiors. They have a mentality of developing right to fight. It has been found that, the staff members are not providing proper service to the patients. They are not only patients, but also customers of the hospital. They have critical health issues which need immediate care within the hospital environment. This is not a sign of humanity. Every staff working in a hospital should not think about monetary benefit. They are bound to help patients as this is a noble profession. But, the staffs are not at all abiding with this concept. Even the new staff members who are recruited have been violated by the old ones. But since there is a problem related to sign and documentation of papers, they must be provided with a personal document. This information will be a key to pass from the patient till it reaches the treatment procedure. This is the way the staff members will be saved from getting blamed about negligence to the patients. The lack of leadership and the weak managerial skills related to the managers are reducing the efficiency of the staff and the other people related to the noble cause. The business is mainly related to the hospital and the patients should be considered as more than the customers. But the internal conflicts and the inappropriate aspects related to the managers is impacting the well-defined image of the organization. To abolish this condition, the appropriate rules should be made. The Hospital management should not tolerate this attitude of the staff members. This creates a negative environment within the organization. Since it is a hospital, patients do not get proper treatment due to the conflict. The whole working process within the hospital gets disrupted. Issue an order of termination in writing is given to the employee by mentioning or specifying the reasons. Bibliography Asch, S. E., 1955. Opinions and Social Pressure, s.l.: W.H. Freeman and company. Asch, S. Stanley Milgram, 1958. Solomon Asch conformity experiments. [Online] Available at: https://www.age-of-the-sage.org/psychology/social/asch_conformity.html Bizfilings Team, 2012. Properly Handling Employee Insubordination Requires Having a Policy in place. Properly Handling Employee Insubordination , 24 May. Dewey, R., 2007. Sherif (1936): Group Norms and Conformity. Group Norms and Conformity. Integrated ociopsychology Team, 2013. Conformity - Majority Influence. Richard Crutchfield (1955): replace people with lights, 19 September. McLeod, S., 2007. The Milgram Experiment. The Milgram Experiment . McLeod, S., 2008. Hofling Hospital Experiment. Hofling Hospital Experiment.

The Phenomenon Of Bipolar Affective Disorder Has Been A Mystery Since Essay Example For Students

The Phenomenon Of Bipolar Affective Disorder Has Been A Mystery Since Essay the 16th century. History has shown that this affliction can appear in almost anyone. Even the great painter Vincent Van Gogh is believed to have had bipolar disorder. It is clear that in our society many people live with bipolar disorder; however, despite the abundance of people suffering from it, we are still waiting for definite explanations for the causes and cure. The one fact of which we are painfully aware is that bipolar disorder severely undermines its victims ability to obtain and maintain social and occupational success. Because bipolar disorder has such debilitating symptoms, it is imperative that we remain vigilant in the quest for explanations of its causes and treatment. Affective disorders are characterized by a smorgasbord of symptoms that can be broken into manic and depressive episodes. The depressive episodes are characterized by intense feelings of sadness and despair that can become feelings of hopelessness and helplessness. Some of the symptoms of a depressive episode include anhedonia, disturbances in sleep and appetite, psychomotor retardation, loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness, guilt, difficulty thinking, indecision, and recurrent thoughts of death and suicide (Hollandsworth, Jr. 1990 ). The manic episodes are characterized by elevated or irritable mood, increased energy, decreased need for sleep, poor judgment and insight, and often reckless or irresponsible behavior (Hollandsworth, Jr. 1990). Bipolar affective disorder affects approximately one percent of the population (approximately three million people) in the United States. It is presented by both males and females. Bipolar disorder involves episodes of mania and depression. These episodes may alternate with profound depressions characterized by a pervasive sadness, almost inability to move, hopelessness, and disturbances in appetite, sleep, in concentrations and driving. Bipolar disorder is diagnosed if an episode of mania occurs whether depression has been diagnosed or not (Leiby,1988). Most commonly, individuals with manic episodes experience a period of depression. Symptoms include elated, expansive, or irritable mood, hyperactivity, pressure of speech, flight of ideas, inflated self esteem, decreased need for sleep, distractibility, and excessive involvement in reckless activities (Hollandsworth, Jr. 1990). Rarest symptoms were periods of loss of all interest and retardation or agitation (Gurman, 1991). As the National Depressive and Manic Depressive Association (MDMDA) has demonstrated, bipolar disorder can create substantial developmental delays, marital and family disruptions, occupational setbacks, and financial disasters. This devastating disease causes disruptions of families, loss of jobs and millions of dollars in cost to society. Many times bipolar patients report that the depressions are longer and increase in frequency as the individual ages. Many times bipolar states and psychotic states are misdiagnosed as schizophrenia. Speech patterns help distinguish between the two disorders (Turner,1989). The onset of Bipolar disorder usually occurs between the ages of 20 and 30 years of age, with a second peak in the mid-forties for women. A typical bipolar patient may experience eight to ten episodes in their lifetime. However, those who have rapid cycling may experience more episodes of mania and depression that succeed each other without a period of remission (DSM III-R). The three stages of mania begin with hypomania, in which patients report that they are energetic, extroverted and assertive (Hirschfeld, 1995). The hypomania state has led observers to feel that bipolar patients are addicted to their mania. Hypomania progresses into mania and the transition is marked by loss of judgment (Hirschfeld, 1995). Often, euphoric grandiose characteristics are displayed, and paranoid or irritable characteristics begin to manifest. The third stage of mania is evident when the patient experiences delusions with often-paranoid themes. Speech is generally rapid and hyperactive behavior manifests sometimes associated with violence (Hirschfeld, 1995). When both manic and depressive symptoms occur at the same time it is called a mixed episode. Those afflicted are a special risk because there is a combination of hopelessness, agitation, and anxiety that makes them feel like they could jump out of their skin(Hirschfeld, 1995). .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597 , .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597 .postImageUrl , .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597 , .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597:hover , .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597:visited , .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597:active { border:0!important; } .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597:active , .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597 .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Maxis - Marketing Plan EssayUp to 50% of all patients with mania have a variety of depressed moods. Patients report feeling dysphoric, depressed, and unhappy; yet, they exhibit the energy associated with mania. Rapid cycling mania is another presentation of bipolar disorder. Mania may be present with four or more distinct episodes within a 12-month period. There is now evidence to