What Are Loanwords and Where Are Some Examples

In lexicology, a  loanword  (also spelled loan word) is a word  (or lexeme) imported into one language from another language. These words are also called a borrowed word  or a borrowing. The term loanword, from the German Lehnwort, is an example of a calque or loan translation. The terms loanword and borrowing are, at best, imprecise. As countless linguists have pointed out,  its extremely unlikely that a borrowed word will ever be returned to the donor language. Over the past 1,500 years, English has adopted words from more than 300 other languages. Loanwords make up a huge proportion of the words in any large dictionary of English, notes Philip Durkin in Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English. They also ï ¬ gure largely in the language of everyday communication and some are found even among the most basic vocabulary of English. Examples and Observations Geoffrey Hughes A threefold distinction derived from German is applied by scholars to loan words on the basis of their degree of assimilation in the new host language. A Gastwort (guest word) retains its original pronunciation, spelling, and meaning. Examples are passà © from French, diva from Italian, and leitmotiv from German. A Fremdwort (foreign word) has undergone partial assimilation, as have French garage and hotel. Garage has developed a secondary, Anglicized pronunciation (garrij) and can be used as a verb; hotel, originally pronounced with a silent h, as the older formulation an hotel shows, has for some time been pronounced like an English word, with the h being sounded. Finally, a Lehnwort (loan word) has become a virtual native in the new language with no distinguishing characteristics. Loan word is thus an example of itself. Lyle Campbell [One] reason why words are taken over from another language is for prestige, because the foreign term for some reason is highly esteemed. Borrowings for prestige are sometimes called luxury loans. For example, English could have done perfectly well with only native terms for pig flesh/pig meat and cow flesh/cow meat, but for reasons of prestige, pork (from French porc) and beef (from French boeuf) were borrowed, as well as many other terms of cuisine from French—cuisine itself is from French cuisine kitchen—because French had more social status and was considered more prestigious than English during the period of Norman French dominance in England (1066-1300). Philip Durkin Among Spanish  loanwords that are  likely to be used by most speakers of contemporary English without particular consciousness of their Spanish origin, and certainly not with reference only to Spanish-speaking cultures, are: machete (1575), mosquito (1572), tobacco (1577), anchovy (1582), plantain type of banana (1582; 1555 as platano), alligator (1591); earlier lagarto)..., (probably) cockroach (1624), guitar (a. 1637, perhaps via French), castanet (1647; perhaps via French), cargo (1657), plaza (1673), jerk to cure (meat) (1707), flotilla (1711), demarcation (1728; perhaps via French), aficionado (1802), dengue (1828; the ulterior etymology is uncertain), canyon (1837), bonanza (1844), tuna (1881), oregano (1889). Today English borrows words from other languages with a truly global reach. Some examples that the Oxford English Dictionary suggests entered English during the past 30 years include  tarka dal, a creamy Indian lentil dish (1984, from Hindi),  quinzhee,  a type of snow shelter (1984, from Slave or another language of the Pacific Coast of North America),  popiah, a type of Singaporean or Malaysian spring roll (1986, from Malay),  izakaya, a type of Japanese bar serving food (1987),  affogato, an Italian dessert made of ice cream and coffee (1992)... Some words slowly build up in frequency. For instance, the word  sushi  [from Japanese]  is first recorded in English in the 1890s, but the earliest examples in print all feel the need to explain what sushi is, and it is only in recent decades that it has become ubiquitous, as sushi has spread along the high street and into supermarket chiller cabinets in most corners of the English-speaking world. But, commonplace though sushi may be today, it hasnt made its way into the inner core of English in the same way as words like  peace,  war,  just, or  very  (from French) or  leg,  sky,  take, or  they  (from Scandinavian languages). Francis Katamba By using a particular language,  bilingual speakers may be saying something about how they perceive themselves and how they wish to relate to their interlocutor. For instance, if a patient initiates an exchange with a doctor in the doctors surgery in Yiddish, that may be a signal of solidarity, saying: you and I are members of the same sub-group. Alternatively, rather than choosing between languages, these two people may prefer code-switching. They may produce sentences which are partly in English and partly in Yiddish. If foreign words are used habitually in code-switching, they may pass from one language into another and eventually become fully integrated and cease being regarded as foreign. That is probably how words like chutzpah (brazen impudence), schlemiel (a very clumsy, bungling idiot who is always a victim), schmaltz (cloying, banal sentimentality) and goyim (gentile) passed from Yiddish into (American) English. The fact that there is no elegant English equivalent to thes e Yiddish words was no doubt also a factor in their adoption. Kerry Maxwell A tongue-in-cheek alternative to ringxiety is fauxcellarm, an ingenious blend of the French loan word faux, meaning ‘false,’ cell, from cellphone, and alarm, which when spoken out loud sounds similar to ‘false alarm.’ Sources: Philip Durkin, Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English, 2014Geoffrey Hughes,  A History of English Words. Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, 2000Lyle Campbell,  Historical Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd ed. MIT Press, 2004Philip Durkin, Does English Still Borrow Words From Other Languages?  BBC News, February 3, 2014Francis Katamba,  English Words: Structure, History, Usage, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2005Kerry Maxwell, Word of the Week. Macmillan English Dictionary, February 2007

My Classroom / Learning Style - 1403 Words

Teaching, both as a teacher and as a student, has changed drastically over the years. Even as a student for the past 16 years of my life, I have found that even my classroom / learning style has developed as I age. Not only has my learning style changed, but the way that teachers teach has evolved over time. On another personal note, within my student observation classroom, I spoke with my cooperating teacher about her varying teaching style and how she incorporates all types of learning across various subject areas. Ms. F mentioned that she has had to change the way she teaches a variety of times depending on the learning capabilities of her students. Much like the psychologists and theorists of the past, Ms. F has come to base her†¦show more content†¦When the behavioral way of teaching falters, teachers have found that the sociocultural and constructivist ways of teaching can help pick up the slack. â€Å"These theories inform many teachers who believe it is their job to help ALL students develop the intelligence, understanding, and problem solving skills necessary to fil important roles in a diverse and democratic society† (Oakes, 163). Since the 1960s, researchers have come to find that learning is actually an active experience. This means that in order to learn, students must interact with others in order to make sense and comprehend the material. They can take their experiences from the outside world and use them to their advantage, by relating them to things they learn in the classroom. Theorists Piaget and Vygotsky prided themselves in their understanding of how childhood learning in is in direct correlation with how children develop cognitively. This was revolutionary Sociocultural and constructivist theories place inclusive principles at the center of their learning. These theories also encourage a broader view of culture and suggest that teachers have a powerful role in providing all their students with opportunities (Oakes, 167). Encouraging a broader view comes with advantages and disadvantages. Firstly, there are numerous ways that an educator can incorporate a sociocultural environment into the classroom. For example, treating differences as assets, setting highShow MoreRelatedTeaching And Classroom Management Styles976 Words   |  4 PagesWhen I took the surveys, I surprised to see how even-keeled my teaching and classroom management styles were. 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I am grateful for this unique upbringing, but it also brought a fair amount of struggle. Amidst the overwhelming feeling of trying to absorb the new environments and trying to make friends however, my teacher at each of the schools were the constants in my life. They made me feelRead MoreFoundations Of Education : Education959 Words   |  4 PagesFoundations of Education My philosophy of education is going to focus on the belief that every child can learn. It is a educator’s responsibility to determine how to be most effective in the classroom and assist every student in the learning process. My goal in the classroom is to create a safe learning environment. In order to do this, I will be astute at all times. I will look for clues and cues to find each student’s learning style. Some democracy is necessary in the classroom, so that the studentsRead MoreTowards A Philosophy Of Learning And Teaching Essay1007 Words   |  5 PagesAssignment 1: Towards a Philosophy of Learning and Teaching How do you go about learning (something new)? Learning is the ability to obtain new information, strengthen current knowledge, explore values, and acquire skills that benefit everyday life. Learning is continuous; it is not restricted to any specific time, nor place, religion nor culture. Every living thing has the opportunity to learn. Reflecting on my secondary schooling, my teachers used various styles of learning to enable students to understandRead MoreA Personal Philosophy Of Education Essay1164 Words   |  5 Pagesself-knowledge of the professor is critical for meaningful learning to occur. 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I also analyze the sources of my preconceived notions about online learning, why they came about, how they affected me, how they relate to my learning style, what I have learned from themRead MoreA New Term Has Emerged In Education Recently That Has Teachers1070 Words   |  5 Pagesin education recently that has teachers unease with how they feel about it. The ever so emerging â€Å"flipped classroom† technique is starting to become integrated in several classrooms today. The reason so many teachers are suspicious of the technique, is because it is foreign and rather new. Traditional styled teachers are struggling to accept the new style due to the deranged forms of learning. Whereas the newer teachers are excited to track progress and learn new techniques. I personally feel thatRead MoreMy Career as a Teacher Essay1254 Words   |  6 Pages As I begin my rewarding career as I teacher, I sit and reflect on what my goals and priorities are in the classroom. I am excited to be engaged in a future career where I can implement my own beliefs and mold the future into something extremely positive. I believe the most important aspects that I want to bring to my students are threefold: I want to educate, motivate, and inspire. In order to have a productive learning environment where I will be able to educate my students, many different factors

Opinions And Social Pressure Influences On Human Behaviour

Questions: Aim: To appreciate the impact of social influences on human behaviour Scenario: You are an occupational psychologist who has been asked to improve staff productivity and compliance to legislation in a hospital setting. At this hospital staff do not follow the official code of conduct. Six months ago a very high status manager was employed to fix the problem. The manager was concerned about the length of time, for instance, it was taking staff to see patients and mindful of the fact that should this pattern continue, the Care Quality Commission may impose special measures against the hospital. To address this immediate concern, the manager stated that staff should not wait for a doctor to sign paperwork before attending to patients. Since then new members of staff have been recruited to ease the workload on staff. The new members of staff are following the actions of previous staff members rather than the code of conduct. Task : (1) Using your knowledge of social influence, critically explain the behaviour of staff members working at the hospital, making reference to research throughout. (2) Critically suggest and reflect on guidance (recommendations) to the Hospital Board of Governors on how to improve the situation. Answers: The behavior of staff in relation to psychological research The aim of the essay is to appreciate the impact of the Social influences on the human behavior. As a psychologist, my first aim will be studying the behavior of staff. Once the evaluation is made, finding the solution will be easier. This is such a hospital where the staff members are disobedient. Unlike other hospitals, here the staffs are stubborn and do not follow the official code of conduct. But, let us take a look at what the staff members have to say. Even they have dissatisfaction regarding the hospital authority and the system is taking place within the hospital environment. (Bizfilings Team, 2012) After speaking to some of the staff members, I found out that, there is a big issue related to documentation within the hospital environment. Paper signing before meeting doctor is an issue. Thus, staffs are blamed and they cannot reach the patients to the doctor on priority. The hospital authority has recruited the new staff members so that the previous employees can get some ease. But, the problem still continues after their deployment. Even the new staff members have started following the footsteps of the old ones by disobeying the code of conduct. (Asch, 1955) Definitions of Key Psychological Concepts Psychology is a study of human mind along with its complexity and function. The behavior of a human can affect the environment where he is staying. This is the study of understanding the mental state of an individual or a group with general principles and research. Psychologists have the ability of understanding the mental function and social behavior of individuals. With regards to cognitive functions and behaviors, they pass effect on both psychological and biological processes. With the study of psychology, it is a need to explore the concept of brain function, emotion, perception, intelligence, cognition, personality etc. (Integrated ociopsychology Team, 2013) Studies- Popular social influence studies include Asch, Milgram, Crutchfield, Sherif, Hofling, Zimbardo Social influence study of Solomon E. Asch Social influence on an individual or a group can be found out through an experiment conducted by Asch. Here, you can assume yourself to be one of the candidates while running psychological experiments. You along with 7 more people are asked to sit in a small room for the experiment. This experiment will give the result of visual judgment of people. Here, two cards are placed in front of your eyes. The one at the left hand side has a single vertical line. The card placed at the right is having three lines with different length named as A, B and C. Now, all of you sitting in the room have to find out the line in right side card which has the same length with vertical line in the left hand side. Some individuals would choose one line, whereas others would give a different answer. As per your perception, one group or an individual is wrong. But, if your thought does not match with the majority, what will you do? Will you trust your judgment or will go with the majority? In many cases it has been found out that people go with the majority even if he/she is aware of right answers. According to the psychologists, Solomon Asch, this is the physiological pressure from people which affects the right perception. (Asch Stanley Milgram, 1958) Social influence study of Milgram In Milgrams social influence experiment 40 males were chosen. They were between 20-50 years of age. They were assigned jobs that range from unskilled till professional. The amount paid to them was $ 4.50 in the year 1963. Milgram also included a learner and a teacher in an experiment. Two rooms were used, one for learner and the other one for the teacher. The learner was provided with the electric chair and the teacher was given electric shock. After the shock, he was asked to recall his partner with four choices. With every electric shock, the learner gave wrong answer. But the teacher refused to take electric shock. But, 65% of the teacher continues with the highest level of 450 volts. (McLeod, 2007) Milgram concluded that lower level or lower level do follow the orders, even when they are in the extent of killing themselves. They are obedient. But the authority of higher level saves their skin. Social influence study of Zimbardo The popular economist conducted an experiment on prison. Here the subjects were asked to play roles of prisoners and guard. The guards so formed were given glasses and sticks. But the individuals playing the role of prisoners were arrested by the police department. They were forced to wear prisoners garment and chains. They were then transferred to the basement of the Standford psychology department that resembles jail. This gave rise to the progressiveness of the guard with sadistic nature. There were riots and many of the subjects were hurt. This experiment proved human response to captivity with social influence. Along with the captivity, the experiment also proved obedience and impressionability of people with the support of social institution and legitimate ideology. Critical discussion of the theory As it is defined above that there are three theories which are propounded for the solving the psychological aspects and the perspectives. All the three theories directly and indirectly support the fact that to manage the social aspects, it is essential to follow the rules related to the obedience. To follow the aspects related to the obedience, it is essential to follow the suitable rules and the policies. This is considered in the favor of the theory. But there are some negative aspects too which works against the theory. The theory of Zimbardo suggests that there are chances of the riots and conflicts are becoming very common. Whereas, in Milgram it is defined that though they follow the junior staff is following the rules, but the seniors are misusing the position they hold. This negative aspect also creates the negative influence on the processing of the process in the hospital. Recommendations Since the disobedient staff members in hospital are creating complexity in the environment, there must be someone or a group that handles staff problem and their well-being. The Human Resource department should be established by a qualified HR manager and specialists to handle the staff members one by one. If their wants are legitimate, hospital management must support them. But if staffs make trouble purposely, disciplinary action must be taken against them. The hospital authority must start with the termination of the old staff. After viewing this, the new staff members may change their attitude and cooperate with the administration. But, even if the other staffs behave in the similar way, its better to terminate entire bunch with the show cause and disciplinary norm. The new recruited staff bunch will be much more cooperative and will abide with the rules and regulation of the organization. After observing the complete scenario thoroughly it is also recommended that the appropriate paperwork is essential to carry. By this paperwork, the actual condition of the patients will be determined and no space for the arguments will be left. The use of the different types of the theories in the analysis also helps a lot in determining the aspect related to the scenario. It is also recommended that to identify the psychological and biological aspects, it is essential to treat the patients on the emotional level, so that it becomes easier to ident ify these issues and to console them may also become easy. Conclusion Succinct policy is always important to assist employers who deal with the insubordination issues. Insubordination is an issue faced in most of the organizations. Here, the employees purposely disobey with the legitimate directives of superiors. They have a mentality of developing right to fight. It has been found that, the staff members are not providing proper service to the patients. They are not only patients, but also customers of the hospital. They have critical health issues which need immediate care within the hospital environment. This is not a sign of humanity. Every staff working in a hospital should not think about monetary benefit. They are bound to help patients as this is a noble profession. But, the staffs are not at all abiding with this concept. Even the new staff members who are recruited have been violated by the old ones. But since there is a problem related to sign and documentation of papers, they must be provided with a personal document. This information will be a key to pass from the patient till it reaches the treatment procedure. This is the way the staff members will be saved from getting blamed about negligence to the patients. The lack of leadership and the weak managerial skills related to the managers are reducing the efficiency of the staff and the other people related to the noble cause. The business is mainly related to the hospital and the patients should be considered as more than the customers. But the internal conflicts and the inappropriate aspects related to the managers is impacting the well-defined image of the organization. To abolish this condition, the appropriate rules should be made. The Hospital management should not tolerate this attitude of the staff members. This creates a negative environment within the organization. Since it is a hospital, patients do not get proper treatment due to the conflict. The whole working process within the hospital gets disrupted. Issue an order of termination in writing is given to the employee by mentioning or specifying the reasons. Bibliography Asch, S. E., 1955. Opinions and Social Pressure, s.l.: W.H. Freeman and company. Asch, S. Stanley Milgram, 1958. Solomon Asch conformity experiments. [Online] Available at: https://www.age-of-the-sage.org/psychology/social/asch_conformity.html Bizfilings Team, 2012. Properly Handling Employee Insubordination Requires Having a Policy in place. Properly Handling Employee Insubordination , 24 May. Dewey, R., 2007. Sherif (1936): Group Norms and Conformity. Group Norms and Conformity. Integrated ociopsychology Team, 2013. Conformity - Majority Influence. Richard Crutchfield (1955): replace people with lights, 19 September. McLeod, S., 2007. The Milgram Experiment. The Milgram Experiment . McLeod, S., 2008. Hofling Hospital Experiment. Hofling Hospital Experiment.

The Phenomenon Of Bipolar Affective Disorder Has Been A Mystery Since Essay Example For Students

The Phenomenon Of Bipolar Affective Disorder Has Been A Mystery Since Essay the 16th century. History has shown that this affliction can appear in almost anyone. Even the great painter Vincent Van Gogh is believed to have had bipolar disorder. It is clear that in our society many people live with bipolar disorder; however, despite the abundance of people suffering from it, we are still waiting for definite explanations for the causes and cure. The one fact of which we are painfully aware is that bipolar disorder severely undermines its victims ability to obtain and maintain social and occupational success. Because bipolar disorder has such debilitating symptoms, it is imperative that we remain vigilant in the quest for explanations of its causes and treatment. Affective disorders are characterized by a smorgasbord of symptoms that can be broken into manic and depressive episodes. The depressive episodes are characterized by intense feelings of sadness and despair that can become feelings of hopelessness and helplessness. Some of the symptoms of a depressive episode include anhedonia, disturbances in sleep and appetite, psychomotor retardation, loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness, guilt, difficulty thinking, indecision, and recurrent thoughts of death and suicide (Hollandsworth, Jr. 1990 ). The manic episodes are characterized by elevated or irritable mood, increased energy, decreased need for sleep, poor judgment and insight, and often reckless or irresponsible behavior (Hollandsworth, Jr. 1990). Bipolar affective disorder affects approximately one percent of the population (approximately three million people) in the United States. It is presented by both males and females. Bipolar disorder involves episodes of mania and depression. These episodes may alternate with profound depressions characterized by a pervasive sadness, almost inability to move, hopelessness, and disturbances in appetite, sleep, in concentrations and driving. Bipolar disorder is diagnosed if an episode of mania occurs whether depression has been diagnosed or not (Leiby,1988). Most commonly, individuals with manic episodes experience a period of depression. Symptoms include elated, expansive, or irritable mood, hyperactivity, pressure of speech, flight of ideas, inflated self esteem, decreased need for sleep, distractibility, and excessive involvement in reckless activities (Hollandsworth, Jr. 1990). Rarest symptoms were periods of loss of all interest and retardation or agitation (Gurman, 1991). As the National Depressive and Manic Depressive Association (MDMDA) has demonstrated, bipolar disorder can create substantial developmental delays, marital and family disruptions, occupational setbacks, and financial disasters. This devastating disease causes disruptions of families, loss of jobs and millions of dollars in cost to society. Many times bipolar patients report that the depressions are longer and increase in frequency as the individual ages. Many times bipolar states and psychotic states are misdiagnosed as schizophrenia. Speech patterns help distinguish between the two disorders (Turner,1989). The onset of Bipolar disorder usually occurs between the ages of 20 and 30 years of age, with a second peak in the mid-forties for women. A typical bipolar patient may experience eight to ten episodes in their lifetime. However, those who have rapid cycling may experience more episodes of mania and depression that succeed each other without a period of remission (DSM III-R). The three stages of mania begin with hypomania, in which patients report that they are energetic, extroverted and assertive (Hirschfeld, 1995). The hypomania state has led observers to feel that bipolar patients are addicted to their mania. Hypomania progresses into mania and the transition is marked by loss of judgment (Hirschfeld, 1995). Often, euphoric grandiose characteristics are displayed, and paranoid or irritable characteristics begin to manifest. The third stage of mania is evident when the patient experiences delusions with often-paranoid themes. Speech is generally rapid and hyperactive behavior manifests sometimes associated with violence (Hirschfeld, 1995). When both manic and depressive symptoms occur at the same time it is called a mixed episode. Those afflicted are a special risk because there is a combination of hopelessness, agitation, and anxiety that makes them feel like they could jump out of their skin(Hirschfeld, 1995). .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597 , .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597 .postImageUrl , .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597 , .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597:hover , .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597:visited , .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597:active { border:0!important; } .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597:active , .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597 .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u21f20354920be6874a419726cb165597:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Maxis - Marketing Plan EssayUp to 50% of all patients with mania have a variety of depressed moods. Patients report feeling dysphoric, depressed, and unhappy; yet, they exhibit the energy associated with mania. Rapid cycling mania is another presentation of bipolar disorder. Mania may be present with four or more distinct episodes within a 12-month period. There is now evidence to

2001 Graduation Speech Essays - , Term Papers

2001 Graduation Speech Jessica McCoy When I think about the class of 2001 Im reminded of a story that Im sure we were all told when we were younger; The Little Engine that Could. The little engine struggles and struggles to get over that one hill, and after working hard enough and never giving up he finally makes it. Thats how we are, weve struggled for 13 years to get over this one hill. Weve worked long years starting with broken crayons in kindergarten to inside-out sweatshirts in middle school. 13 years of learning from the simplest 2+2 to complicated algebra and calculus, from reciting our ABCs to reading Shakespeare. But now weve finally made it, and our real journey is beginning. Whats next is up to us. We are the generation and the class that will bring our world further. When the little engine started his journey it seemed overwhelming at first, like us coming out of our small middle schools to this huge high school. Our first day of school I remember walking into every class late, not knowing what to expect, o r who anyone was. Then our second day when all the upperclassmen joined us. Scared to walk down the halls, because we had all heard the stories of the Seniors picking on the freshman. When we were freshmen we struggled to fit in at the bottom of the rank and attempted to earn the respect we deserved. Somehow we managed to make it through our first year of high school. By the time we were Sophomores we may not have been completely settled into our own high-school persona, but atleast we knew where we were at, and that first day of school we were still late to every single class, but then we got to tease the freshmen. That was the year of our drivers license and our first jobs. We had started gaining responsibilities and noticed that we were growing up. When our Junior year came around we were finally upperclassmen. We could go out to lunch, legally, and go to prom. We were forced to think about our future being asked what do you want to do when you grow answering I dont know after of course explaining that we were grown up. It was time to say good-bye to the Seniors that were sophomores when we were freshman, and watch them pave the way for us to follow, knowing that our day would soon come, and sure enough before we knew it, we were starting our famous senior countdown. We finally got to participate in all the Senior events. tryied to raise money for our senior trip, and tried to get people to donate blood for the red cross. It seemed difficult when we realized we had just watched our last game, danced our last dance, and when we walked down the hall to take our last final, thats when it finally hit us that were going to graduate soon. Right now we all have a legacy that weve left here at West High, a legacy developed from four years of walking down the halls, eight semesters of sitting in the classrooms and sixteen quarters of developing our own personalities. We were the anxious freshman, the obnoxious sophomores, the lazy juniors, and now the graduating seniors. But in 10 years, who will we be? Whatever the answer is what weve each learned here will remain at the core of the people we will become. So like the little engine, we will have many hills to climb, small ones and big ones. I want you to remember that when things get tough and you feel like giving up, just think of the little engine that could and whisper to yourself; I think I can...I think I can...I think I can....Thank you.

To dismiss the Chartist movement as mere hunger politics is to underestimate the depth of its political support Essays

To dismiss the Chartist movement as mere hunger politics is to underestimate the depth of its political support Essays To dismiss the Chartist movement as mere hunger politics is to underestimate the depth of its political support Essay To dismiss the Chartist movement as mere hunger politics is to underestimate the depth of its political support Essay Essay Topic: A Hunger Artist * Chartism product of industrialisation. Problem was boom and slump nature of economy and temporary unemployment. This was one of issues that angered w/class about Poor Law Amendment Act 1834. In Manchester alone in 1837 there were estimated to have been 50,000 unemployed at some point and there were constant protests in Yorkshire re, this inconsistency of opportunity. * The man in charge of controlling the Midlands and North from a military sense had sympathy with the Chartists and reported to the government everywhere people are starving in the manufacturing districts. * Industrialisation brought with it the problem for many of mechanisation. Britain contained a rich heritage of craftsmanship and it was craftsmen that were badly hit. These including handloom weavers and more locally Black Country nail makers. Also hit badly were the workers in declining areas such as Wales and there can be little doubt that many of these were shocked by their loss of earnings after a lifetime of relative prosperity. * There is evidence that after the 1842 rejection, food shops were looted primarily and again this coincided with a virtual standstill in production in the north in several industries. Tellingly, trade and output revived massively by 1843 and Chartism membership declined quickly. Depth of political support * The aims are said to be the six points and this is possibly good evidence of a political agenda i.e. none of the points said we want regular bread supplies. Chartism is surmised well by Marjorie Bloy who wrote it represented the fundamental belief that economic exploitation and political subservience could be righted by parliamentary means. Hence, how can political depth and hunger politics be untangled? Some variations on the six points existed and these again demonstrate a desire for other things than bread: these included the Poor Law abolition, no tax on newspapers and 8 hours maximum within the factories. * The London Working Mens Association was founded by skilled and fully employed craftsmen. These included Lovett and Place who were not economically disadvantaged and the pledge of the Association was that men should be in possession of their political and social rights. * It may need considering that if the essay title states political support we ought to ask how much support the movement received from middle and upper classes. The answer is not a lot. The upper classes were in full political control and rejected the first petition 235 to 46 votes. Many middle class supporters left the movement after early violence (Attwood of the Birmingham BPU is a good case in point) and some Chartist leaders such as O Connor (whilst ironically being middle class himself) aggressively rebuked any offers of assistance from this social group. Their parallel support of the ACLL ensured success here. * Many had sympathy with the Chartists grievances but would have balked at suggestions that they should seize power. General Napier mentioned above was an apologist for the government but this does not mean that he gave the Chartists political support. Conclusion: Chartism was a political movement born of economic circumstances. The superficiality of its support is best illustrated by the fact that when the economic situation improved, membership declined rapidly. This support would not have declined so quickly if the political views were deeply felt.

Student Suicide Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Student Suicide - Assignment Example The purpose of this paper is to particularly shed light on student suicide in a school setting. School counselors have received significant blame for the upsurge of suicide cases and this paper explains their role in preventing suicides and the dilemmas that they encounter in their line of work as they seek to find amicable solutions in light of all legal and ethical requirements. The Sandy Hook Elementary School Shooting among other staggering occurrences in schools across the nation serve as clear indicators of the psychological distress that is present across students in different institutions (Taub, 2013). Statistics indicate that more students die from suicide in colleges than from alcohol related accidents (Lamis, 2011). As of 2004 Alaska stood as the highest ranking in student suicide with more recent statistics indicating a steady increase in suicides across various states (Appendix A). More female students contemplate suicide in comparison to their male counterparts with a s tatistic of 17.4% showing just how serious the matter is (Lamis, 2011). These statistics bring out the importance of enforcing structures within learning institutions that nip the problem in the bud by allowing early intervention by well trained counselors. However, this is not the full solution; in order to ensure effective solving of the matter, it is necessary to assess the various dilemmas that these counselors are faced with in their practice, and how best they can go about their work in ensuring efficacious handling of various cases. Counselors are guided by various rules and regulations that are aimed and ensuring effective service to all. They are required to ensure confidentiality at all times, they must observe rules and regulations maximize benefit and allow only the most unavailable harm to clients (beneficence and non- malfeasance), they must ensure that they in no way neglect the needs of their clients and that their dealings with clients adhere to justice and fidelity guidelines. Expectedly, the task is quite challenging as counselors are forced to balance legal and ethical requirement of their patients with their preferences and prejudices in order to work out a balanced practice that effectively serves the need of the clients while protecting practitioners from legal liability. Other than legal concerns, counselors are also forced to assess institutional policies and community norms in their decision making (Whitaker & Slimak, 1990). The most serious liabilities that counselors are forced to address result from legal action initiated by clients who feel that their rights have been violated in light of the provisions of the counseling process. Of these, the most common involve violations of privacy (Whitaker & Slimak, 1990). In cases where counselors feel that they have justifiable cause to infer that students under their assessment are likely to kill themselves, they are required to report their concerns to the students’ guardians and l ocal authorities. Often, students initiate legal action on the ground of a confidentiality breach. In ensuring non-malfeasance and beneficence, counselors are required to apply their best judgment. This entails assessing the seriousness of a student’s proclamation and intent. If a counselor concludes that a student’s condition is potent enough to result in attempted suicide, he/she is required to take the necessary actions to inform guardians and other authorities’ e.g. Local psychiatric officers (Taub, 2013). In the event that the counselor’s conclusions are not accurate, various privileges and rights are broken. These include provisions for

Human Development Across the Lifespan - Gender Identity Issues that Essay

Human Development Across the Lifespan - Gender Identity Issues that Adolescents May Face - Essay Example The purpose of this paper is to focus on gender identity issues that adolescents face, and how they cope with them. Gender identity is defined as â€Å"the youngster’s internally perceived gender, regardless of chromosomal constitution, gonadal/ hormonal secretions, or genitalia† (Telingator & Daniolos, 2007: 79). Gender includes biological sex but is larger in scope, encompassing the socially prescribed roles which are considered appropriate for each sex, which are different in various cultures (Lee, 2005). Hence, gender role refers to culturally underwritten masculine and feminine behaviors, attitudes and personality traits which are based on biological factors as well as an individual’s environment. Aspects of sex-typed behavior in childhood, adolescence or in adulthood are affected by hormones that play a part very early in development, as early as age two or three, sometimes by age five or later (Sexson, 2005; Pescovitz & Eugster, 2004). At the core of adolescents’ development is the separation-individuation process by which adolescents become independent of their parents in a process similar to that which occurs during infancy. Children usually develop a gender identity which is in alignment with with their assigned sex, also known as their sex of rearing. The formation of gender identity is influenced by the combination of children’s temperament and parents’ qualities and attitudes. Culturally acceptable gender roles are learned stereotypical roles, by which boys are required to be masculine and girls to be feminine in their behavior and conduct. However, over the past few decades there has been increasing toleration for mild cross-gender activity in children (Sadock et al, 2007). â€Å"Sigmund Freud believed that gender identity problems resulted from conflicts experienced by children within the oedipal triangle† (Sadock et al, 2007: 718), which may be fueled by actual family

Is the green movement sincere or just a popular fad Essay

Is the green movement sincere or just a popular fad - Essay Example They do not have any positive impact to the movement. Consumers and environmentalist have difficulties in differentiating retailers who are sincere in environmental matters and those who are acting in pretence. There seem to be a number of people who are not genuine in the green movement. This leaves one with the question whether green has to be accompanied with pretence. However, insecurity has been sighted as the major reason of pretentiousness in the green movement. He said that people get pretentious to hide their insecurities. For example, if one doubts their own greenness, then it is obvious that others are conscious about their effort in making the environment green (Miller, 2010). Another thing that makes the green movement a fad is the fact that people are out to looking good without doing anything constructive. They instead embark on criticizing effort of other people who are working towards a green environment. They want to cover their insensitive lifestyles so that they cannot be questioned. This can be said to be an intimidating the intellectuals. Going green is a very important innovation to the environment. However, it got some elements of fad that need to be eliminated for it to be successful. The first is that people should stop labelling. Instead of going around telling people that they are environmentalist; let their actions tell of it. The second one is to be confident about the environment. Understanding the importance of a healthy environment will enable people to be confident of the environment (Miller, 2010).The third is to remove from our minds the notion that one can go green only by buying something. On the contrary, going green can be achieved in many other ways other than purchasing products. Last but not least, one should consider himself as part of the solution. This ensures that every person feels responsible and accountable for what happens to our environment. This is regardless of our gender, religion,

Air pollution control residues

Air pollution control residues INTRODUCTION Description of Overall Problem Air Pollution Control (APC) residues are the solid output of the flue gas treatment equipment installed on incinerators (this report refers specifically to APC Residues from incinerators handling Municipal Solid Waste MSW). They comprise the fly ash from incineration (middle and fine grades) together with the reagents (mainly lime and activated carbon) used in the flue gas treatment. Thus, they contain: Volatile contaminants from the original waste (inc chlorides, metals), Compounds created in the incineration process (inc dioxins), Further materials from the flue-gas treatment process (sulphates, together with high alkalinity). Therefore they are classified as hazardous waste. Approximately 170,000t/y (Technology Strategy Board 2009) of such residues are produced in the UK 3-4% of the total waste mass incinerated (Environment Agency, 2002). This tonnage is growing as more waste is incinerated to generate electricity and heat, and to reduce landfill. While increased energy recovery and reduced landfill are worthwhile in themselves, achieving them has created the problem of the hazardous APC residues. In the UK the prevalent destination for these residues has been landfill, but this option is under threat from tightening landfill Waste Acceptance Criteria, and rising landfill taxes, so new solutions are required. There are various treatment/recovery options available for APC residues. However these raise other concerns, primarily: Financial and energy cost of treatment Generation of further effluent Environmental impact of the treated waste Quality control of the recovered materials. Objectives and Scope The overall goal is to identify cost-effective management options for APC residues, within Waste Acceptance Criteria. The ultimate objectives of implementing such options are shown in Requirements (Appendix 1). For this study, the specific the objectives are: Briefly analyse the shortcomings of the existing methods of treatment and disposal of APC residue in landfills, along with the barriers in the UK for re-use of APC residues in various industries, such as cement aggregate, asphalt and ceramics. Propose energy- and cost-effective methods for the treatment of APC residue which reduce the leachability and amount of heavy metal/dioxins present. Also suggest a supplier of technology for each treatment method proposed. Compare the cost per tonne for each option, including treatment and disposal costs (including current and future landfill taxes), based on the hazardous classification of any remaining waste. Suggest potential re-use opportunities for materials recovered from the treatment process, indicating potential markets and revenues. The scope is focused on APC residues from municipal waste incineration. It is assumed that current incineration technology and operating conditions apply, with waste of current composition, resulting in residues of current composition. The objectives have been pursued in the context of current UK and EU regulation. This is explained in terms of the waste management hierarchy in table 1. Notes of Figure 1: Further processing leading to recovery may be in or outside the system boundary depending on whether the process is likely to be dedicated to this application. In either case the resulting wastestreams are inside the system boundary Landfill operations are outside the system boundary, but the long term leaching behaviour of all landfill waste will be considered, even if it meets WAC. Report structure This report has been structured to give an overall review of the management options for the Air Pollution Control residue, intended to provide a details of the findings related with work aiming to give recommendations on its treatment. Chapter 1. Background and scope. Chapter 2. Introduction to the residues, overview of major management strategies, legislative aspects, and environmental issues Chapter 3. Details on the residue treatment techniques, operation principles, and development status Chapter 4. Appraisal on the recovery and utilization techniques, operation principles, and development status. Chapter 5. Overview of status for available solutions, documentation level, assessment approach for environmental impacts, outline of important aspects for consideration, qualitative and quantitative comparison of each treatment processes. Chapter 6. Recommendations System Engineering Management Plan (SEMP) is listed in Appendix 2. This is an outline of system requirements and mechanisms for verifying whether the requirements are met. It will provide an overview to integrate different technical elements of the project. The plan will also describe the activities, processes and tools used to ensure an achievement of the project outcomes to the client and other stakeholders. Press Release is placed in Appendix 3 and this would form a basis of a publicity campaign for the project. MANAGEMENT AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR APC RESIDUE APC residues generation and characteristics APC residues come from the cleaning process of the gaseous emissions, which are produced during the incineration. Dry and semi-dry scrubber systems are used in the cleaning process and involve the injection of an alkaline material to remove acid gases, particulates and flue gas condensation (Sabbas et al. 2003). Finally, fabric filters in baghouses are used, where the fine particulates, i.e. the APC residues are focalized and removed from the gaseous emissions (Sabbas et al. 2003). It is estimated that APC residues represent 2-5% of the original waste on a wet basis and their production in the UK is approximately 128,000 tonnes per annum (Amutha Rani et al., 2008). In general, APC residues from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) consist of fly ash, carbon and lime and contain dioxins and furans (Amutha Rani et al., 2008). They are highly alkaline materials (pH 12.0-12.6) and they comprise significant concentration of heavy metals, salts and micro-pollutants (Sabbas et al. 2003 ). Depending on the initial waste composition, the incinerator and the air pollution control system, their composition may vary significantly (Amutha Rani et al., 2008). The typical range of APC residues composition is shown in table 2. The APC residues are characterized as hazardous wastes (190107*, according to the EWC) due to their chemical content and their impact on the environment, primarily by leaching. Regulatory Framework Introduction Regulations and legislation on waste management in the UK have evolved considerably over the years as a result of identification of new pollutants, public health and environmental concerns, economics and technological advancement (Pocklington, 1997 and McDougall et al, 2001). This assertion suggests that legislation and regulations play a major role in ensuring sustainable waste management. In addition, the establishment of legislation on waste management shows the radically changing perception of humans and communities towards the environmental impact of human activities (Pocklington, 1997). Today, regulations and legislation provide a framework for efficient handling of hazardous wastes such as APC residue. Amutha Rani et al (2008) observed that sustainable management of APC residues depend on the implementation of UK and EU waste management legislation. The Existing regulatory and legislative framework for managing APC residues in the UK About 80% of the environmental legislation in the UK have their origins in the European Commission laws (Pocklington, 1997). The existing legislative and regulatory framework for APC waste management in the UK and EU include: Waste Incineration Directive Integrated Pollution Control Directive Landfill Directive and ensuing waste acceptance criteria/procedure EA guidance on the classification of hazardous waste Water Framework Directive However, the discussion on the regulatory and legislative framework for this project focuses mainly on the UK Landfill directive and EA guidance on classification of hazardous wastes. These subjects are pertinent within the boundary of this project more so as Landfill disposal is common in the UK. Also IPPC directive is discussed briefly to highlight the roles public participation and deployment of best available techniques in meeting our objectives. The key objectives of these legislation and regulation are to: Reduce the amount of APC residue generated and improving the quality of exhaust gas (McDougall et al, 2001) Reduce the amount of APC going to Landfill (EA Guidance on landfill, 2006) Prevent environmental impact (ESA 2004) Reduce the risk of human harm (US National Research Council 2000, ESA 2004) This diagram illustrates the relationships between the established regulatory framework and stages in the APC management process. There is no specific legislation covering recovery or reclassification of APC residue in the UK (ESA 2004). Quina et al (2008) also points out that legislation for recycling APC has not yet been established in the UK. The Integrated Pollution Control Directive: Directive 2008/1/EC concerning integrated pollution prevention and control This Directive aims at establishing means to prevent or reduce emissions into air, water and land (IPPC, 2008). Hence this directive is crucial as it suggests various methods of incineration and treatment that could reduce the impact of APC residues on the environment during incineration, treatment or landfill. The IPPC Directive is based on four principles namely: Best Available Technique (BAT) Integrated waste management Flexibility Public participation The BAT refers to the most effective methods of operation that would reduce environmental impact and enhance results such as making residues from incineration less hazardous. In the BAT, optimizing resources and harnessing or saving energy are prioritized (Gargulas N. and Mentzis A, 2007). Also, the BAT is flexible and no terms are imposed since it recognizes that different conditions apply in different cases. The Best Available Techniques Reference (BREF) is a reference document on technical input needed to determine the BAT to be adopted. This BREF contains technical information on available means of treating APC residues such as sintering, vitrification, stabilization and solidification. This project has considered the BATs to APC treatment and these methods are discussed in chapter 3. However, there are no BATs available for landfills. Notwithstanding, Landfill operators and APC treatment plants require permits issued by the Environment Agency with public support to ensure that t here are no health or environmental impacts as a result of their activities (Macleod C. et al 2006 and IPPC 2008). The role of the public is crucial in this directive. Article 15 of the Directive, gives the public full privileges to participate in decision making processes leading to the issuance of permits for installation of plants, and for carrying out technical and administrative changes. This aspect is very important especially in the proper project planning and execution (see SEMP). Therefore the installations of APC treatment facilities and the method involved are tailored to meet public requirements as well as legislative requirements. All hazards inherent in operating APC treatment facilities shall be made known to the public in accordance to this directive. Also the outcome of compliance tests on treatment facilities with regard to environmental impact shall be made public (IPPC 2008). Thus, it can be argued that since the public are key stakeholders in this project, good public perception is needed in accordance with the IPPC directive to ensure sustainable management of APC residues. Environment Agency guidance on classification of hazardous waste The essence of this guidance is to distinguish different kinds of wastes based on their physical and chemical properties which include their toxicity or hazardous nature. The Hazardous Waste Directive (HWD), council directive 91/689/EC and the Revised European Waste Catalogue (EWC) form the regulatory framework for this guidance. The HWD aims at defining hazardous wastes to ensure the correct management and regulation of such waste (EA Hazardous Waste 2008, pg 5). This directive identifies 14 hazardous properties of wastes, thus hazardous wastes are classified H1 H14 according to their hazardous properties (EA, Hazardous waste 2008). The EWC code is derived from the industry and process producing the waste, and the type of waste (EA hazardous waste 2008). APC residues are categorized as hazardous wastes with absolute entry (Rani et al 2008 and ESA 2004). Under the European Waste Catalogue (EWC), APC residues fall under the category of wastes from incinerators (waste management facilities) that have a generic code 19. The specific code for solid wastes generated from gas treatment such as APC residues is 19 01 07. Wastes resulting from the treatment of the APC residues such as the partially stabilized APC residue, the vitrified material etc are also categorized as hazardous with absolute entry (EA hazardous waste 2008). However, when tests confirm that the constituents of treated waste have become less or non hazardous, they can be reclassified as hazardous wastes with mirror entry or non-hazardous as the case may be(EA Hazardous waste 2008). Solidified and partly stabilized wastes are coded 19 03 06 and 19 06 04 respectively with absolute entries, while vitrified wastes from flue gas treatment are assigned the code 19 04 02. The Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste The primary objectives of the landfill directive are: To reduce waste going to landfill the prevent or minimize environmental impact as a result of waste disposal Stringent measures and standards have been set to reduce the burden and reliance on landfill (EA guidance on landfill, 2006). Landfills are classified into three categories: non-hazardous, inert and hazardous landfills (Landfill (England and Wales) Regulations, 2002) For APC residues, a key requirement in the Directive prior to landfill is to perform tests to determine its long term and short term leaching behaviour and to carry out treatment to reduce its toxicity (EA guidance on landfill, 2006). This project suggests that the need for treatment of APC residues augments the case for exploring potentials for recovery or reclassification of the residues. Article 6 c (iii) of the Directive reflects our aim to make APC residues at least stable non-reactive hazardous wastes (SNRHW) or completely non-hazardous through efficient treatment techniques such as vitrification, washing, stabilization and plasma technology. SNRHW are known to have low leaching potentials (EA guidance on landfill, 2006). Treated APC residues with leaching behaviour equivalent to those of non-hazardous waste can be disposed at designated non-hazardous landfill subject to meeting the relevant waste acceptance criteria (EA guidance on landfill, 2006 and Landfill (England and Wales) Regulation, 2002). APC residues must meet the waste acceptance criteria (WAC) for a designated landfill after treatment. Schedule 1 of the Landfill (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulation 2004, stipulates the procedure and criteria for disposing or accepting waste at landfills. Waste Acceptance Criteria and Procedure The WAC is elaborately designed to deal with the technical requirement of wastes such as APC residues designated for landfills in the UK (England and Wales). It also aims at controlling the disposal of wastes into landfill which is a common practice in the UK. Technically, the WAC ensures that the numerical leaching characteristics of APC residue are determined prior to disposal at landfill (EA Guidance on Landfill 2006). Thus, after their mandatory treatment, APC residues must meet the relevant waste acceptance criteria before they are accepted into landfill. The leaching characteristics include: the elements and compounds in APC residue and their leaching properties (in mg/kg or L/S) and the hazardous nature of the APC residue (EA Guidance on Landfill, 2006). The Environment agency is responsible towards ensuring that the criteria for particular landfills are met. Preceding the WAC is the Waste acceptance procedure. The Waste acceptance procedure for APC requires basic characterization, compliance testing and on-site verification (EA Guidance on Landfill 2006). The basic characterization is done to determine the physical and chemical characteristics of the waste (EA Guidance on Landfill 2006). Incineration plants are responsible for carrying out the basic characterization of the APC residues since they produce the APC while the landfill operator ensures that compliance testing and on-site verification are done (EA Guidance 2006). Approved tests are defined in schedule1 part 2 of the landfill regulation 2004 and they include tests for determining treated APC composition and leaching behaviour. The compliance tests are carried out to verify if leaching limit levels predicted in the basic characterization are credible. Besides exploring opportunities for reuse of APC residues and recovery of valuable materials from the residues, this project also aims to treat APC residues to meet at least the waste acceptance criteria for SNRHW to enable disposal at a non-hazardous landfill. Amendment 14 of the Landfill (England and Wales) regulation 2004 states the criteria for disposing SNRHW in the non-hazardous landfill. Discussions There is no specific legislation on the reuse of wastes such as the APC residues in the UK. Notwithstanding, the UK without incineration network (www.ukwin.org.uk) tagged the use of fly ash and APC residues for construction works as irresponsible. Thus it can be suggested that re-use is implied in this clause as well. However, if it is well proven that APC residues can be managed sustainably without any long or short term environmental repercussions, it will pave way for debates to strengthen the existing regulatory frame and also re-focus the views of environmental activists toward the prospects in the residues. ESA report (2004) argues the provision of regulatory certainty by the government is necessary in enhancing investment towards sustainable management of APC residues. The report also suggests that investments will focus on reliable APC treatment technologies. There are several scientific developments for managing APC residues pioneered by waste management companies such as Techtronic in the UK. Environmental problems and management strategies Most of the APC residues (around 88%) (Environmental Agency, 2002) produced in the UK, are disposed of into landfills. During their disposal or any kind of utilization or handling, a number of environmental impacts can be caused. Dust and Gas emissions Dust emissions are represented as a potential risk, due to the size of the APC residues particles (0.001-1 mm) (Sabbas et al., 2003). Despite the easily dispersion of these fine particles, a survey by the Environmental Agency at a number of landfill sites in the UK testifies that their concentrations are within the recommended air quality objectives (Environmental Agency, 2002). Gas production is another potential environmental impact related to the disposal of APC residues. Gas is produced by metallic aluminum hydration (Sabbas et al., 2003) and because of that, some explosions have been reported (Sabbas et al., 2003). However, the production of gas is significantly lower compared to the production of the municipal solid waste landfills, due to their low biodegradable content of the APC residues. Leaching production The major environmental impact is the leaching production of APC residues The leaching behaviour of the elements present in APC residues is the main source of environmental concern. Leachates can cause pollution of soil, groundwater and surface water bodies. The leaching behavior of the APC residues is very complex and depends on a lot of parameters. The pH and the liquid to solid (L/S) ratio of the residues that will occur in the landfill site are important factors which affect determine their leaching behaviorbehaviour as well as the availability of the elements which are contained in the APC residues. The pH depends on the characteristics of the leaching fluid and the waste, i.e. APC residues, and is the key factor of many elements leachability. Leaching of most major elements (e.g. Al, Ca, S, Mg) and heavy metals (e.g. Cd, Pb, Zn) are strongly pH-dependent (Astrup et al., 2006). This dependency of the pH causes a significant difficulty on the prediction of the leaching behaviorbehaviour. Generally, APC residues carry on their pH in alkaline values for a long time (many thousands of years) (Astrup et al., 2006). However, their pH decreases as the time passes and the APC residues are washed by the infiltrating water (the neutralize capacity decreases) (Astrup et al., 2006). Thus, the prediction of the landfills pH and thereby the leaching behaviorbehaviour of the residues in over a long term period is complex. The L/S ratio represents the amount of the leachate that comes in contact with a given amount of APC residues (Sabbas et al. 2003 pp what page?) and depends on the characteristics of the APC residues and the climatic conditions, the hydrology and the hydrogeology of the area (Sabbas et al. 2003). Usually, as the time of disposal passes the value of the L/S ratio becomes higher for a particular application site. Due to this contact the properties of the waste as well as the leaching behaviorbehaviour of the waste change. Thus, the value of this ratio is a very important parameter for the leachate content. The availability for leaching is a parameter, which characterizes the particular waste and represents a fraction of the total content of contaminants in the waste itself (Sabbas et al. 2003). The typical values of the availability for the APC residues are shown in table 2 and they can provide a theoretical estimation of the maximum release of a contaminant in a period of 1000 to 10000 years (Sabbas et al. 2003). The prediction of the leaching behaviour and the evaluation of the environmental impact of APC residues are based on leaching tests. Leaching values for the APC residues arising from leaching test are summarized in table 4. The first leachate from APC residues is usually characterized from soluble salts (e.g. chlorides, hydroxides of calcium, sodium and potassium) and trace element such as Pb and Mo (Sabbas et al., 2003). Contrary to the high solubility of this elements, the solubility of toxic organic compounds is believed to be not high due to their hydrophobic nature and their low concentration in APC residues (from properly operated MSWI plants) (Sabbas et al., 2003). Long term leachate concentrations are usually lower than the initial or they may remain atto the same level. The only exceptions are the elements Al and Zn, which concentrations in the leachate are increase d inover a long term period (Astrup et al., 2006). As it is explained above the leaching behaviour of the APC residues depends on the environmental conditions and changes during the time of the disposal. Thus, an analytical prediction of the long term leaching behaviour is very difficult and it should be based on a combination of information on leaching principles, leaching tests, field measurements, simulation of mineral changes and speciation (Sabbas et al., 2003 page number pls). Due to the complexity of the long term leaching behaviour, the data available in literature are limited. Management of APC residues In the UK the disposal of any waste to landfill is regulated (see regulations section). Generally, the landfills are classified as suitable for hazardous, non-hazardous or inter wastes and, for each of these types of landfill, particular leaching limit values (Waste acceptance criteria, WAC) are defined and should be achieved for any waste are to be landfilled. Table 5 shows the leaching limit values (WAC) for the three types of landfill sites and if they are compared with the values in table 4, it becomes obvious that APC residues cannot be landfilled without a prior treatment. And non-hazardous waste deposited in the same cell. Either TOC or LOI must be used for hazardous wastes. UK PAH limit values are under development. Following the recent consultation exercise the UK Govt may review the limit values in tow years time (2006). If an inert waste does not meet the SO4 at L/S 10 limit, alternative limit values of 1500 mg/l SO4 at C2 (initial eluate from the percolation test) prEN 14,405 and 6000 mg/kg SO4 at L/S10 (either from percolation test or bach test BS EN 12457-3), can be used to demonstrate compliance with the acceptance criteria for inert wastes. The values for TDS can be used instead of the values for Cl and SO4. Or DOC at pH 7.5-8.0 and L/S 10 can be determined on pr EN 14429 (pH dependent test) eluates. Disposal to landfill (Amutha Rani et al., 2008) APC residues are mixed with wastewater to form a solidified product. During this treatment the residues react with the CO2 from the atmosphere reducing the pH to values between 8 and 9. This mixing also eliminates the dispersion of the APC residues particles. After this treatment, the APC residues reach the WAC and they are landfilled into monofill cells at a hazardous waste landfill. This process is used by a treatment plant in GloucesstershireGloucestershire, from which most of the APC residues treated by this method in the UK are coming. Storage in salt mines In this disposal method the APC residues are loaded in sealed capsules and pitted 170m below the surface (Amutha Rani et al., 2008). The disposal in salt mines can take place for a long term. They are characterized as well isolated, very dry, with stable atmosphere and natural gas-impermeable salt layers (Clement, 2000). Salt mine for this purpose is located in Cheshire, England, where a major percentage of the APC residues, produced in the UK, are stored (Amutha Rani et al., 2008). Use in waste acid treatment (Amutha Rani et al., 2008) Due to the mixing of waste acid (usually HCl) and APC residues, the lime content of the APC residues is convertedsed into less hazardous components (CaCl2) and the concentrations of Zn and Pb are reduced. Furthermore, the pH is at high levels, preventing the salts release. Thus, the final mixture from this process is non-hazardous and it is described as sludge from a physico/chemical treatment; it is classified as EWC code 190206 and can be disposed of in non-hazardous landfills. TREATMENT TECHNIQUES Ash Washing Process Description: The objective of Ash washing process is to extract a number of minerals from the APC residue obtained after Municipal Solid Waste incineration and thereby diminish the leachability of various compounds remaining in the residue. The process also aims to improve the quality of the residue obtained for further re-use applications or to reduce the overall content of waste going to the landfill. According to Quina et al (2001), ash washing, acid leaching, electro-chemical process and thermal treatment are some of the most widely used methods for extracting metal values from the APC residues. The separation techniques studied in this section are ash washing with MgSO4, bioleaching using Asphergillus niger fungi and leaching using extracting agents. Each process has different prerequisites, operation time and cost, objectives and risks associated with them. Ash Washing With MgSO4: Chimenos et al (2005) The process aims to apply the optimum parameters for washing APC residue by utilising minimum energy and water. This process uses multi-stage washing process to diminish the leaching of chloride and sulphate salts present in APC residue and thereby ensuring that the amount of harmful substance present in wastewater is reduced. The wastewater produced is recycled and re-used in the process using employing a rapid spray evaporation technique which runs on the waste heat produced from pumps, turbines and incineration furnace. Figure 3a showsrepresent the overall process diagram of operation. The research conducted by Zhang et al (2008) shows that the leachability of the heavy metals and chlorides present in APC residue depends on its pH level. The pH of the solution, when MgSO4 is added during the washing process, may be controlled by the formation of gypsum as shown in Eq(1). Ca(OH)2 + MgSO4 CaSO4 + Mg(OH)2..(1) Bioleaching Q.Wang et al (2009) This process is considered to be a biohydrometallurgical approach to extract heavy metals from APC residue. It is considered to be a green technology because of it makes use of the natural ability of microorganisms to break down solid compounds into soluble and extractable form by enzymatic oxidation or reduction. The process uses the acids secreted by Aspergillus niger fungi such as oxalic acid, citric acid and gluconic acids to extract the heavy metals present. Water-washing was is used as a pre-treatment before the bioleaching process to reduce the bio-leaching period from 30 to 20 days and to extract the maximum amount of chloride and sulphate salts. Figure 4 shows an overall process diagram for the bioleaching process. Bioleaching is a low cost and low energy consumption approach. Leaching Using Extracting Agents Fedje et al (2010) This process uses leaching agents other than water for extracting heavy metals like Zn and Pb. The efficiency of the extraction agent depends on heavy metals of interest, the concentration of the extracting solution, the pH and the liquid/Solid ratio used. The goal of the process is obtain a solution in which the concentrations are high enough to enable further separation or recovery. The leaching media used for this process are 3M HNO3 L/S = 5 0.1 M EDTA with pH adjustment L/S = 5 3M NH4NO3 L/S = 5 The choice of these leaching media was based on their ability to form a complex with metal ions. Table 6 compares the efficiency of the aforementioned leaching agent in extracting the heavy metals from APC residue. Figure 5 represents the overall process diagram. The most widespread leaching method used for APC residues is acidic leaching using strong mineral acids such as HCl and H2SO4. However, due to the high alkalinity of APC residues, large amounts of acids are needed which results in trouble with storage and handling. Moreover, the reaction of APC resid

Norman Rockwell :: essays research papers

Norman Rockwell was one of America’s greatest illustrators of this century who made many significant contributions to the field of graphic design with his works that promoted patriotic unity, conveyed the national scene, and often time just evoked or inspired emotions in his audiences. Ironically this painter was regarded as an illustrator in the eyes of other freelance artists due to his occupational limitations, and his supervisor’s restrictions characteristic of the Saturday Evening Post where he did most of his work from 1916 to 1963. Rockwell was born on February 3, 1894 and since his childhood years had always aspired to be an artist. Instead of finishing high school Rockwell left high school to attend classes at the National Academy of Design and later on the Art Students League in New York. Here Rockwell was recognized as an above average illustrator with good potential. Rockwell then after developing his skills and contributing many illustrations to childre n’s magazines, managed to muster up the courage to show his work to a bigger periodical, the Saturday Evening Post. Happy with the quality of Rockwell’s work the Post gave Rockwell a job creating illustrations and cover art for its periodicals. This would be his arena, revealing his works to thousands of people, for over forty years. During this period Rockwell painted portraits of various celebrities and persona. Rockwell was a "people painter" and predominantly worked with the depiction of emotions inspired by his models. Rockwell always took particular care in picking and choosing his models as he was very pragmatic and wanted them to exhibit characteristics that met with his peculiar standards. During his time with the Post, Rockwell often made illustrations that effectively conveyed events taking place on the national scene. During different periods in American history Rockwell used his special skill in detail to capture and portray illustrations that ac curately reflected the emotions felt in the hearts of Americans at the time. Rockwell made several illustrations exhibiting events like the Great Depression and World War I. In fact during the second World War Rockwell was motivated by President Roosevelt himself to create one of his greatest projects, The Four Freedoms Paintings, illustrating each of America’s fundamental freedoms and revealing the reason behind the United States’ participation in the war. This Four Freedoms Project is one that reflects Rockwell’s great generosity and kindness as a person. Rockwell agreed to

Marketing Case Study: Accenture

Byron Hernandez Marketing September 5, 2012, 2012 Module 5 – Activity 5. 6 CASE STUDY: Accenture 1. How did Accenture transfer the brand equity from its original name, Andersen Consulting, to the new company name? The way that Accenture transferred brand equity from its original name to the new company name was by specially branding the new one, and looking at a new name as a fresh start, re-introducing itself to its customers, and the world.With a new name, this allows them to start fresh without the backdrop of a history, and especially since the name was created by one of its employee’s, they took a big risk in going with a ‘made-up’ name, which after extensive research and implementing important decisions, seems to have paid off very well for the company, both literally and figuratively. What they did was effectively transfer their new idea to customers, all the same time implanting their marketing strategy.An example of this was while advertising in th e newspaper, and an anticipated ‘new’ beginning at the start of the following year with a clipping on the bottom corner of their pages. Accenture used advertisement wisely as well as carefully identified the four characteristics that have an affect the marketing service. The divorce from Anderson ended up being a good thing for Accenture. 2. Evaluate the Accenture brand name using the six criteria detailed in the chapter.There are six different criteria that are detailed in this chapter that can be used to evaluate the Accenture brand. The first one says that it should suggest something about the product’s benefits and qualities. For this particular example, Accenture is clear on that. The word is a combination of accent and future. They wanted to re-invent themselves, market a new name, while keeping the companies values for what they really were, and what separated themselves from their parent company.Having an accented future, or perhaps having an accent and a future easily distinguished this firm from its parent company and not only was a new innovator born, but not much was lost in the transferring and separation. The second one is that it should be easy to pronounce, recognize, and remember. It could be debatable on how to pronounce Accenture, depending on your grammatical education, yet it does have a flow, it is recognizable, and can be remembered. It has a futuristic feel to it, and incredibly is a made up word.Third, the brand name should be distinctive. Clearly, Accenture wins a gold medal for this one. You can’t get more creative than coming up with your very own name for a company, and making up a word that puts a label on a $15 billion dollar company, isn’t the easiest task to do. The fourth criteria; says that the name should be extendable. For Accenture it could have a million possibilities, unless you knew the history of the company, or how they were formed, you could potentially guess that Accenture was a car company.Fifth, the name should translate easily into foreign languages. I’m not so sure about this one, given that Accenture is combination of two words in the English language, but it could have a French origin feel to it. The last criteria, mentioned in this chapter say that the name should be capable of registration and legal protection. Clearly with a word that is made up, I think the legal infringes become significantly low and can easily be registered. 3. How did Accenture use the requirement to rename the company as an opportunity to reposition itself?Accenture used these requirements to rename the company and as an opportunity to reposition itself by giving new definition to the company. With a new name, and a made up name, it allowed for the company to start with a name that didn’t have any history which allows them to put themselves in the market with new explanations of who they are, and what exactly they do. This ‘divorce’ from the parent comp any, essentially not only opened new market opportunities with their customer base, but allowed room for new customers as it being a company they had never heard of.

Nazi Art essays

Nazi Art essays The German Nazis of the 1930s and 1940s had an explicitly approved form of art. Unlike the other totalitarian regimes of the era, the approved forms of art were firmly integrated into their iconography and ideology, and excluded any other art movement, including those that were popular at the time. These approved forms of art held a limited number of themes which were repeated as often as necessary, in order to portray the values the Nazis deemed relevant to their cause. These values were, of course, fundamentally nationalistic, and those themes approved by the government were meant to glorify not only the Aryan race, but specifically the German nation. The painting Out To Harvest, by Oskar Martin-Amorbach, is a typical, governmentally approved, work of Nazi art. It depicts a family of farmers going out to harvest on what seems to be a summer day in a typical German countryside. It shows three generations of that family, a young boy at about 4-5 years of age, his mother, and what appear to be his father, grandfather, and a young woman who might be his older sister or aunt. As its title implies they are going out to harvest, for they are carrying scythes and rakes for harvesting and a small handheld basket, presumably holding their lunch for the day. In the background is portrayed a typical German landscape, rolling hills as far as they eye could see, symbolising the Nazis slogan of Blood and Soil. What makes this painting a typical work of Nazi art is its glorification of peasantry. Not only is it mere peasantry it glorifies, but German peasantry. Now, while on the surface it may not sound a very Nazi-esque topic to the layman, it embodies many of the ideals that the Nazis stood for, one of them being the aforementioned Blood and Soil, another being the portrayal of peasantry as a source of strength and purity. The reason peasantry was held in such high regard by the Nazis, was that the pe...

Biography of Sid Collins

Biography of Sid Collins Free Online Research Papers â€Å"The greatest spectacle in racing†. This is a famous saying started by a well known man in the broadcasting/racing industry named Sid Collins. Sid was born in Indianapolis, Indiana in 1923. His parents were both Hoosiers. He attended (IPS) Indianapolis Public School 66 and Shortridge High School. He was too small to play sports so he chose to participate in the school newspaper. Sid is a historic figure who lead a very active, entertaining life in journalism and eventually radio broadcasting. Sid attended IU (Indiana University) in Bloomington, IN. He was a business major with an advertising focus. He earned money for school bye coming up with â€Å"trick slogans† for matchbook covers. It was his personality that allowed him to make it big even while in college. He signed up for a broadcasting class which motivated him to became the moderator of IU‘s Sunday morning broadcast program. This was his steppingstone to a lot of great achievements. He won several awards for his journalism and contributions while at IU and during his time in Indiana. After college he started training in the Army and traveled several different places. He ended up back in Indiana as a recruit officer until 1946 when he was discharged. He then went to work for WKMO in Kokomo, IN. After only a year in Kokomo Sid was offered a position with WIBC which was Indy’s best broadcast station. He had an evening show with different series such as â€Å"Speedway Gossip†, â€Å"Captain Sid’s Treasure Hunt†, and â€Å"Stairway to Stardom†. Within one year of working for WIBC Sid got his foot into the door of the Indianapolis Motor speedway. He received an assignment at the track as track reporter working in the south shoot. Wilbur Shaw, the President at the time, and Tony Hulman agreed to â€Å"give the kid a chance† and within two years he became the radio announcer at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. No one would have guessed he would have turned into an industry icon. Prior to Sid, the race had only been broadcast at the start of the race, updates were given every hour during the race in 5 minute increments, and the announcement of the finish of the race. Sid didn’t like this style and wanted commentary throughout the entire race. It was called the â€Å"full coverage concept† which was another first in the business. In 1952 his concept was put to test. The first year 26 stations participated in full coverage of the race. 110 stations the second year and now there are 1200 participating stations. Needless to say, he will always be known as the â€Å"Voice of The 500† Sid’s coverage made him a legend in broadcasting. He would tell the world about the crashes, the deaths, the stories of the drivers, the thrilling part of the industry and sometimes the worst of it as well. Sid is remembered for his coverage in 1964 when Eddie Sachs was fatally injured on the first turn of the race. Everyone heard Sid Collins giving his eulogy and more than 30,000 requests were received for copies of it. It is said that Sid â€Å"did things with compassion, grace, and class†. There was no television coverage at this time. It was the voice of Sid Collins that calmed the crowd and excited them all at once. Sid announced 29 races of the Indianapolis 500 but on May 2, 1977 he took his own life. He was diagnosed with Lou Gehrig’s disease for which there was no cure. He couldn’t bear the thought of not being able to function in life so he took his at the age of 54. The disease is terminal and he decided it was better to be remembered for who he was and not what the illness would do to him. He was always in motion, an innovator ahead of his time. Sid is a beloved â€Å"Hoosier† who has a special place at 16th and Georgetown. I’m going to close by quoting an inspirational passage or saying as Sid always did to end each broadcast. He would dedicate it to the winner of the race. â€Å"If one advances confidently in the direction of his dreams and endeavors to live the life which he has imagined, he will meet a success unexpected†, by Henry David Thoreau. Research Papers on Biography of Sid CollinsTrailblazing by Eric AndersonMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfStandardized TestingHip-Hop is Art19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XHonest Iagos Truth through Deception

BUS 670 Week 1 DQ 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

BUS 670 Week 1 DQ 1 - Assignment Example The amendment on religion can have a very negative impact on business. It is practical since many business people come from various faiths, and if it is, they will automatically shy away from investing in the country. It will also have an effect in the future on the economy of the country will decline (Seaquist, 2012, p.15). Also, the freedom of speech is a paramount requirement in business. If someone lacks the freedom to speech, he or she cannot condemn the injustices that occur daily in the world of business such as corruption. It will also have an adverse impact in the present, and the future. The effect is because any bad things will be going on in the nation and nobody, will have right to condemn them (Seaquist, 2012, p.17). It is vital to ensure that media freedom is self-guarded for the development of the business. The reason is that through the media one can easily identify the hidden investment opportunities and even discover the reasons why the market is not performing. Therefore, if the freedom is then people will be living in darkness both in the present and the future (Seaquist, 2012,

The Process of Parenting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Process of Parenting - Essay Example In fact, the punishment may be not related to mistakes done by the child. For instance, an example of punishment and discipline can be applied to distinguish both of them when a child does wrong things. In this case, of a four-year old child throws his or her crayons on the floor, punishment can be inflicted by telling them that they are undisciplined and slapping their fingers. On the other hand, discipline was be imposed by making them pick their crayons; in fact, there is a need to issue them an explanation that by throwing the crayons on the floor, they can get broken. In addition, the crayons should also be put out of their reach for a period. Erikson asserted that during this stage, children develop a sense of fundamental trust and their aptitude to influence events surrounding them. However, their development is based on the regularity, predictability and consistency, which leads to development of a sense of trust. On the other hand, a child also carries a fundamental sense of mistrust if they are subjected to a harsh and inconsistent, unreliable conditions (Doug & Clifton, 1995). Erikson claims that this is a stage involving development of a particular amount of independence or autonomy. Moreover, during their stage the children require support offered to avoid encountering of only failures and mockery. On the other hand, if children are criticized, over controlled or denied a chance to assert themselves, they develop a feeling of inadequacy, thereby becoming dependent upon others. In this case, they develop a low self-esteem, which is considered a sense of shame (Doug & Clifton, 1995). Erikson contends that children undergo frequent assertion, whereby they commence planning their activities and initiating these activities. Therefore, in this stage they get a chance to develop a sense of initiative and security through their ability to make decisions. On the other hand, if they are criticized and controlled, they develop a sense of guilt and

Imperialism (ANALYSIS PAPERS) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Imperialism (ANALYSIS PAPERS) - Essay Example ects to the political, social and moral standard of the community assuming that the current group of immigrants is of inferior quality to the past (Fetter). Prescott Hall has aptly stated these apprehension as his observation dictates that the immigrants are among the lowest class in their native country and the addition of such to the American community would degrade the quality of its people (1906). Particularly, they stand as rival to the resources that should be abundantly enjoyed by the Americans including labor opportunities and hefty wages. In simple economic concept, the addition of immigrants to the labor force, adds to the current supply of labor which dampens its price. Other social perils such as crime, juvenile delinquency and even illiteracy are also among the ones mentioned by Hall, concluding that the immigrants post higher number in these figures. Owing to America’s philatrophic inclination, the absence of restriction could have been an act of extending help to the non-Americans, providing them opportunities for a better quality of life, however one observation says that even this process is a vain endeavor in altering the condition of the poor from other countries (Fetter). Those who are against the immigration restriction are those who believe that the immigrants are not perils, rather contributors to the American society, mentioning the likes of Andrew Carnegie, Samuel Gompers and James J. Hill to include the list of desirable immigrants (Warne). Warne believes that immigration has brought the country the industrious, the God-fearing and the courageous men from around the world (1916). Mr. James Bryce has also excellently concluded that the assimilation of Americans with other races actually enlivens intellectual fertility and boosts the creative power of the country to a higher level of production (1891). The debaters continued on to dispel the figures proving higher crime rate, juvenile deliquency and illiteracy of the immigrants are not

Focus Questions Essay Example for Free

Focus Questions Essay â€Å"Why was the French empire ultimately so much less successful than either the Spanish or the British empires? † France was a late player in the settling game of the New World. During the 1500s it was ravaged by wars and internal conflict, most of these were caused from the Roman Catholics at odds with the Protestant Huguenots. Also, once the colonies were created settlers did not stay, many either came home or never trekked out into the wild. There were very few reasons to travel to the colonies for the French. This is because the colonial government was under direct rule of the crown. The one gain that could be obtained by immigrating to the colonies was religious freedom. However, France would not allow the passage of the prosecuted Huguenots. The main trade was Canada’s fur; not the most profitable. Although fur was very popular in America, and had great potential to succeed. The lack of settlers and the large land area controlled by the French could not be efficiently occupied or fortified. France was suffering from many struggles back in Europe yet the insufficient number of settlers prohibited the French from maintaining their land through the wars (the French and Indian war) and conflicts. 2. â€Å"If France instead of Britain had won the duel for North America, would the 13 colonies ever have become independent of Britain, or would they have been forced to stay within the empire for protection against France? Would Detroit, St. Louis, and New Orleans now be cities in Canada rather than in the United States? † If France had won North America, then I still believe that the United States would become independent. The French and Indian war would have affected the greatly. They would have still been hurt economically from the French and Indian war, and by losing, they could have been damaged in many more ways. Britain would force even more taxes upon the colonies because a defeat would likely cost more. However, if France would have attacked the colonies, the colonists would be preoccupied with defending themselves. Afterwards, although, I believe that the colonies would rebel eventually, because Britain would mistreat them more. Historically, France was the weakest of the world powers. Some islands and Quebec speak French. While over 20 speak Spanish and more than that speak English. If France had won North America from the British, they wouldn’t keep it for long because another â€Å"bully† nation, like Spain, or Germany could have risen up and taken it like candy from the French. 3. â€Å"From Britain’s perspective, were stationing soldiers in the New World permanently and issuing the Proclamation of 1763 good colonial policies? What problems were these policies trying to address? How else might have Britain solved those problems while limiting colonial contempt? † Yes, Britain’s concern of Indian uprising outweighed the expansion of the colonies. Pontiacs Uprising, which began in May of 1763, took the lives of hundreds of colonists and British soldiers as Ottawa leader Pontiac and various other tribes attempted to drive the English out of the Great Lake Region. Finally, the English subdued the Indian uprising by distributing blankets infected with smallpox. A cheap tactic if you would ask me. The Proclamation of 1763 and the posting of soldiers were placed into effect to keep the colonists and the Indians separate. Likely, the act was put in place to protect the colonists, and not to confine them. The main purpose of the Proclamation Line was to delay colonial expansion into the West while Britain stabilized relations with Natives through monetary compensation and the return of land. The other choice was allowing the colonists to have what they want and get massacred as they moved west. Britain could have done a better job with keeping the colonist happy. One flaw was that the colonists that were already west lost their land and money along with it. If I were Britain, I would have insured the colonists with the same proportion of land in a different region or compensated them with monetary supplements. . â€Å"Should the French and Indian War be considered one of the major causes of the American Revolution? Why or why not? † Yes, because it made the Americans want freedom. The colonists felt edged in beside the Eastern coast. France was the major anxiety of the colonists. The historical conflict with France, the Catholicism of France, and the absolute rule of the French monarchy caused Americans to dislike the French. By the mid-17th century, the colonists had begun to move west across the Appalachians into Kentucky. Here the English came in conflict with the French moving down to the south from French Canada into the fertile Ohio Valley. French and British hostilities in the Seven Years War began in North America. Even George Washington was involved in the first engagement. The American share of the Seven Years War (1756-63) is known as the French and Indian War. The War had a main influence on proceedings leading to the Revolution. One might conclude that the British role in removing the French and Native American threat to the Colonies would have permanently sealed ties amongst Britain and the grateful colonies. This did not prove to be true. The disappearance of the French into America meant that the British and Colonists no longer had a mutual enemy. The War was also very expensive. The Colonists had made a major direct monetary contribution to the war effort. The War was very expensive to the British who had begun to rely on the colonists to pay a larger share of the expensive empire, especially the costs of maintaining a strong military. Chapter 7: The Road to Revolution 1. â€Å"Evaluate the system of mercantilism. What were the benefits for Britain and for the colonies? What were the costs to Britain and to the colonies? Is the system of mercantilism sustainable or will colonies inevitably revolt? † Mercantilists believe that economic strength is founded in a balance of trade; meaning exporting more than you import. The mercantilists felt the colonies were most valuable for economic purposes only. This mindset added to why the British felt their West Indies colonies that produced sugar were most important to them. Briefly, British mercantilists viewed the American colonies as mainly an economic and monetary source, a source of money and trade to make money for the motherland. The colonies relied on England for oods and military supremacy, so both were gaining in one way or another. In a mercantilism system, the supporting country, England in this case, ultimately earns much more than the serving country, in this case the American colonies. As a result, rebellion and revolt was sure to occur because the Americans felt like they were being used and could form a better nation than Britain could ever dream of becoming. And they succeeded. Eventually the colonists grew angry because Britain received the majority of the profits and the benefits, and therefore, revolutionized against Britain. In addition, many acts and numerous laws, such as The Navigation Acts or the Stamp Act were enacted to lift up English power and control even more and colonists felt their basic rights were being taken away from them even more so. The end result was revolution. 2. â€Å"Was the American Revolution inevitable? Could America have gradually and peacefully developed independence within the British Commonwealth, as Canada later did, rather than engaging in a violent revolt? At what point in time, if any, was a violent revolt inevitable? What could the British have done to stop the Revolution? The American Revolution was not inevitable; however, it was very probable for a majority of the time Britain had abused the future nation. Tensions were high between Britain and the colonies ninety percent of the time. Conflict was imminent, but a full out revolution could have been avoided. However, it was for the best that America become independent. It put Britain in their place and decimated their ego down to France’s level. A slow peaceful agreement could have been reached, but it would be no guarantee to relieve tension between the two in the future. It may have been for the best that two split. The revolution â€Å"meter† if you will, was at its â€Å"point of inevitability† at the Boston tea party. It was the turning point on the History of the colony and the birth of a new nation. All that the British would have needed to do was to treat the colonies more fairly. They did not ask for the French and Indian war. The combination of each of these factors is what lead the colonies to revolution. â€Å"Were all the American grievances really justified, or were the British actually being more reasonable than most Americans have traditionally believed? After the Boston Tea Party, the colonists already had a disobedient attitude and no matter what England did, the colonists would have rebelled against it. As John Adams had said, â€Å"The American Revolution was in the minds of the colonists long before the fact†. One example of the colonists over-dramatizing was to the Boston Tea Act of 1773. Although this act helped the â€Å"East India Company† since they had an excess of tea, and was mainly to ensure the English economy a foot hold, and even in an indirect tax situation, the Americans rebelled against it all the same. At this point, revolution was inevitable. The colonists paid far fewer in tax on tea than England had, the Americans were looking for a fight at this point. Since the colonists were trying to protest the Boston Tea Act, they dropped â€Å"342 crates of tea into the Boston Port. The Boston Port Act was signed to get the money back that was wasted, so the port was shut down until it was paid. England wasnt being as unreasonable as many people tend to believe, however, it was too late for Britain to reconcile. 4. â€Å"What was the Revolutionary movement at its core really all about? The amount of taxation? The right of Parliament to tax? The political corruption of Britain and the virtue of America? The right of a king to govern America? The colonies’ growing sense of national identity apart from Britain? Was the Revolution truly a radical overturning of government and society—the usual definition of a revolution—or something far more limited or even â€Å"conservative† in its defense of traditional rights? † The revolutionary movement was about more than just taxation. It was about freedom. The colonists were being mistreated so they decided to do something about it and set a precedent for the rest of the world. The taxation just fueled the fire. Parliament was a major cause. The lack of representation was a great motivator. Britain wasn’t politically corrupt in their own eyes, but taxation without representation was a horrendous injustice in the eyes of Americans. They believed that the king was to blame, so then the colonies proposed a government of self-rule. Unlike anything else in the world at that time, it was a shock to Britain. This radical reaction from America was the shot heard around the world. It changed the usual definition of revolution forever. Chapter 8: America Secedes from the Empire 1. â€Å"What was radical and new in the Declaration of Independence, and what was old and traditional? What did statements like all men are created equal mean in their historical context, and what did they come to mean later? † The declaration of Independence was wildly radical for Americans and for the entire world at its conception. It proposed a self-governed nation and elected rulers. So shocking in fact, that England did not take it seriously. Self-government was radical at the time because no one had tried it before. With a little luck, America would take the high road above all other nation with their democracy. Some traditional statements in the declaration included no suffrage for women and no laws against slavery. For these to change, two wars would take place. One literal war had to be fought, and one political. If the drafters of the declaration were feeling more ambitious, then they would have included these in the declaration in the first place. However, no one knows how the nation-to-be would have reacted. In a historical context, all men are created equal reffered only to white men, it wouldn’t be for another one hundred years until this would apply to all people in the United States, and few million American lives thrown into the mix. 2. â€Å"Was military strategy or politics the key to American victory in the war? How did the two coincide? † Military strategy was a key to the American victory in the revolution. Although, the single most influential factor was motivation for the Americans. In a sense, the Americans had nothing to lose as a nation. Britain was already taxing them and punishing them ridiculously. The American logic was to just take a stab at it. If they lost, they would go back into the same routine. Paying for their misdemeanors. They were fighting for freedom, while the British were fighting out of desperation. The sheer numbers of hard fighting, hard headed Americans were no match for even the skilled British. Great Military strategy was a huge moral boost for the soldiers on the battlefield. That gave them confidence, something the British began to lose toward the end of the war. The two went hand in hand because you can’t have strategy wit hout politics. Politics is what made the decisions in the end. What went on around the round table caused everything that happened on the battlefield. 3. â€Å"Did the Loyalists deserve to be persecuted and driven out of the country? What difference does it make to understand the Revolution as a civil war between Americans as well as a war against the British? † Loyalists were persecuted during and after the revolution because they were considered traitors to the cause. It was right to persecute them because they went against what the new nation stood for. They were not killed, like in other nations’ revolutions, but simply deported. The loyalist did not wish to live in the nation either way, so leaving was not a harsh punishment in anyone’s eyes. On the other hand, however, they were still Americans; they just wanted to continue to be ruled by Britain. This is why it is important to view the war as a civil war and a war against Britain. Not all Americans wanted to live in the new country, and under the new nation’s rules had the right to say so. In one sense the war was both an internal struggle and an external one. 4. â€Å"How important were the diplomatic relations between European nations in determining the success of the American Revolution? How significant a role did the French play in securing American independence? How significant a role did the rest of Europe play? How did the American Revolution change diplomatic relations in Europe? † Without diplomatic allies, America would still be under British control. The alliance with France over whelmed the British and drove the Americans to victory. The French, still sore from the war of Austrian succession, were looking for a fight with Britain. The French influence was crucial and cannot be stressed too much. Even Spain played a role in the revolution through their geographic actions. The rest of Europe kept Britain busy fighting wars and making enemies as the Americans were fighting for their independence. After America became independent, Europe was their best friend, if you will. The strong ties with European nations would prove invaluable in the future. However, the rest of Europe did not love America as much as they disliked Britain.